All About Prayer
Part Three: Appendices
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For entries of the Meltdown series before December 2010, visit www.keithhunt.com/meltdown.html.
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................................................... To be continued |
IS IT REALLY WITHOUT FOOD AND WITHOUT WATER ? by Keith Hunt Some are saying that fasting in the Bible may not have always been without having any water or drink, maybe no food they say, but not always without water. So, I suppose the argument is, or I suppose these people are trying to teach that when Christians "fast" as Christians should do according to Jesus (for Jesus said: "WHEN you fast" not "IF you fast"), they need not stop drinking water. There are some today who doubt that anyone has fasted without food and water for very long, before being at death's door. Now, if you believe the Bible is INSPIRED, then you will believe Exodus 34 where it is written that Moses was up in a mountain with the Lord for 40 days and forty nights and that "he did neither eat bread nor drink water...." verse 28. It would seem that Elijah was able to do the same as Moses. See 1 Kings 19:7,8. Are we to imagine that Jesus Christ could not, and did not, do the same as Moses and Elijah, in His fasting for 40 days and nights? See Matthew 4:2. I say Christ was able and that He did exactly what Moses and Elijah did, fasted for forty days and forty nights WITHOUT food and water! I am certainly not implying or trying to teach that anyone on earth day should try to do what these three men are recorded in being able to do, go for forty days without food and water. They were in many ways special men, who no doubt were given special strength from the Eternal to do something that no other men/women have ever been recorded doing, fasting for forty days and forty nights without food and water. Most today could hardly make it through four days without food or water. True, we do hear now and again of some adult or even a child surviving in an earthquake, trapped without food or water for 6,7,8,9 days......but most of us going on a voluntary fast of no food or water could last that long without serious side effects. Some want to call "heath fasting" a fast. That is, going on a strict liquid diet for a week or two or more is to them a "fast." And if looking at it only from what some doctor or health practitioner or clinic want to interpret as a "fast," a liquid fast, then so be it for them. But as Christians who want to let the Bible interpret itself as to what the Bible calls a "fast" then we can ONLY have the Bible as our interpreter as to what is fasting as taught in the Bible. Hence, we look up all the verses where the words "fast" or "fasting" are used. We search the Scriptures and let the Word of the Lord teach us about the meaning of "fast" as used in the whole Word of God, the Bible. The word "fast" is used 41 times. The word "fasted" is found and used 15 times. The word "fastest" is used one time. We find the word "fasting" used 17 times. And the word "fastings" is used 4 times. All this from the KJV and Strong's Concordance of the Bible. The VAST majority of times these words are used as words in a verse relating that someone or some group or nation of people simply fasted, period. No other information is added. No other definition is given as to what is fasting as used in these majority of verses. We have only a FEW verses in the entire Bible that nails down for us a Bible interpretation as to what is "fasting" as used in the Word of God, the Bible. I will give you those verses very shortly. We can find that fasting in the Bible is often connected with mourning, affliction, sorrow, anguish, and of course with sackcloth and ashes. Apart from sackcloth and ashes some would argue that all the rest of the words connected with fasting could be taken as MENTAL, within the mind, and of course that is true. Hence Psalm 35:13 and the word "humble" or "afflicted" connected with the soul or life in fasting could be mental more than anything physical. But, there is really no way of "getting around" Psalm 109:24 which reads: "My knees are weak through fasting; and my flesh faileth of fatness." Now, I personally have done a "health" fast (liquids only) a few times (once for 7 days) in my life time, and I can tell you that after or in the third day of such a health fast, the body is swept clean and the energy and engine of the body just runs like a race horse. I never felt my knees weak at any time. A health fast of various kinds of natural liquids and juices does not make the knees go weak. If you are basically in good health, going on a water only fast for a few days will not make your knees go weak. I submit that David's knees were weak through fasting BECAUSE he was doing a Bible definition fast, a "spiritual" fast, a fast WITHOUT food or water. Actually the Bible is silent on any so-called "health fast." Just does not talk about it. So, all the passages that use the word "fast" or the others I gave above, are only relating to us the only "fast" the Bible is concerned with, the spiritual fast, or fasting for spiritual intent and reasons. Hence, we are then back to having the Bible define for us "fast" or "fasting." And here are the only TWO sections of Scripture using the word "fast" that DEFINE for us the word "fast" as used in the Bible. "Go, gather together all the Jews.....and FAST you for me, and neither EAT nor DRINK three days, night or day: and I also and my maidens will FAST likewise......" (Esther 4:16). "So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth.....For word came unto the king of Nineveh.....And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh....saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water....." (Jonah 3:5-7). There it is. The only two passages of the Holy Scriptures that define for us "fast" as used in the Bible. But, define the word it does, very clearly fasting as used in the Bible was and is always having no food and no water, no liquids. Oh, there is the argument that it is said of Jesus that "He was hungry" after His forty days of fasting, for it is written, "He was afterwards an hungred" (Mat.4:2 KJV). They say, "He was hungry, hence had not ate any food for 40 days, but it does not say, He was thirsty, so you could argue He did drink water during those forty fasting days." Why does it leave out anything about "thirsting" after those forty days? Very simple. When Jesus had determined to break the fasting, after doing what Moses and Elijah had done for 40 days and nights, He could have easily reached a water supply out in those hills. A nearby spring, a running brook, or a small stream. He no doubt had wandered by a few of them during those 40 days. And coming off a fast of that length of time, water would have been the first desire for the human body, and from a stream it would have been obtained. But good wholesome, full of vitamins and minerals fresh baked brown bread.....well that just was not behind the bush or desert tree, unless He commanded the stones to turn into that great smelling wholesome stuff. And that is just what the Devil tempted Him to do, turn the stones into loaves of bread. But Jesus would control His power, and wait till He was in the town with friends to eat food. The water would have already been there in the form of a stream or brook for Him to enjoy, the bread not yet. And He would not misuse His power to satisfy His hunger. TWO PASSAGES LEFT TO UNDERSTAND Some have seen two passages in the Gospels (one really as it is one account of the same event recorded by both Matthew and Mark) that they seem to think and believe teaches that fasting in the Bible may not always mean you cannot drink water. So, I guess to them, you can fast a spiritual fast by deleting only food but not liquids. This passage we are here concerned with is found in Matthew 15:29-39 and Mark 8:1-10. We note some important points. (1) Jesus, His disciples, and the multitude, were up in a mountain, Mat.15:29. (2) It was also a wilderness, Mat.15:33; Mark 8:4. (3) They all had been together 3 days, Mat.15:32; Mark 8:2. (4) Some had come from far away, Mark 8:3. (5) The disciples did have some food with them, for Jesus asked them "How many loaves have YOU?" And it was THEY who answered Him what they had, Mat.15:34; Mark 8:5. We need to first use some natural logic. The disciples of Jesus did have some food, they did bring some along with them. They were used to their Master going off into some wilderness place and staying for a time in such a location, so they would have learnt from experience to take along food for a few days at least. Would it not be reasonable to assume that at least some of the multitude, which included women and children (Mat.15:38), would also have brought some food and water with them, at least for a day or two? I suggest it was more than likely by many that they so did. We need to note CAREFULLY that in verse 32 of Matthew's account and verse 2 of Mark's, we do not find such a sentence as, "they continue with me now three days and have had nothing to eat" or "for the three days they have continued with me they have had nothing to eat." This is important, because we can often read into words a meaning that is not there at all. In both Matthew's and Mark's accounts of this event, the words "have nothing" is in the PRESENT INDICATIVE tense. Jesus was actually saying, "and have presently nothing to eat" or "at this present continuous time they have nothing to eat." Jesus did not say that they had nothing to eat for three days. We are frankly not told HOW LONG they had gone without food, only that at the present time when Jesus was talking to the disciples and for WHATEVER length of that present time was, the multitude had not eaten food. Had some not eaten for three days? Maybe! For it is quite something to behold how the human body can go on fired up adrenalin and excitement of some great spectacular event such as they were observing and part of, that is, Jesus healing many and doing fantastic miracles. Many under such a situation would not even be thinking about food, and not even water, I dare to say, especially if you were someone who had brought with you a lame, bind, dumb, or maimed person etc. to be healed. You would have been too preoccupied in getting them before Jesus to be healed. Well, whatever the case was, by the time Jesus spoken to His disciples on the third day about food for the multitude, they had presently been without food for a time period, not specifically given to us, but long enough that if sent away without food, some would have fainted by the way, for some were from afar, so Mark tells us. Had they been also without water? The accounts do not tell us, but I think we can say with some reasonability, that being in the wilderness water may have also been a problem, once whatever supply brought with anyone had been used up. To argue that they all had water, but no food, is to argue without proof, for the accounts clearly do not mention water at all. It is just not talked about or commented on period. Hence to argue either way, they had water or they did not have water is speculative at best, given we say fasting can be understood as only no food eating with water being allowed. Then if we say, we shall go with the Bible's interpretation in the two passages we have already considered above, as to what is fasting, we then would say Jesus by using the word "fasting" was telling us the multitude for some length of time had been without both food and water. Why was Jesus concerned with food for the multitude and water is not mentioned? Again we could speculate, but it would only be speculation, as the reason for no water mentioning is not given. But, once more looking at it from the human fellowship and host politeness of Jesus' day and I would add, our time today, it is the custom of a caring host, looking after people for some length of time, to provide them with food before they depart. Under this situation, of having to walk back home, and for some that was a far distance, and not having food for above the normal amount of time that humans eat food, Jesus classified it as "fasting" and knew some would be weak in the knees, and probably faint by the wayside before reaching their homes, hence as a good host wanted to make sure they ate food to strengthen them for their journey homeward. Water is wonderful to break a fast, but solid food gives you the needed sugar energy and fuel for the muscles to hold up and sustain the body, when a possible long walk back home is having to be undertaken. So, we see here, the emphasis in the two accounts is on FOOD, and not on water, after fasting for some length of time. A POSSIBLE EXCEPTION The Bible often contains many BASIC rules or NORMS, and then gives now and again, some EXCEPTION to the norm or rule. Could this account in Matthew and Mark be a possible exception to the norm? Yes, it is indeed a possibility! I say it MAY be possible, for once more let me repeat, we cannot know for sure if the multitude had water to drink, either brought with them, or from a stream, they were remember in the mountain wilderness. But, for the sake of the argument, we shall say they did have access to water, but had used up any food they had brought with them. So, IF that was the case, then Jesus uses here the word "fasting" in a loose sense, a "food" fast, possibly, as some "health" practitioners, health and diet books, and people who often go on "juice" fasts, call their no food intake, a "fast" or "fasting." Be that as it may, and if it was so here with Jesus, there is still one VERY IMPORTANT point to note in all this mountain wilderness situation. The three day event was NOT undertaken by Jesus or His disciples, as a DELIBERATE and planned "fasting" to "draw nigh to God" experience. It was NOT for the purpose of getting close to God in some "religious" vain, as was the fasting for Esther and the Jews, and also for the people of Nineveh when Jonah was sent to tell them they faced utter destruction if they did not change their ways. Jesus was here in the mountain doing a "healing ministry." He was serving and helping and working miracles for people. It was a hard three days work for Him, for He often had to go away by Himself alone to re-store His batteries so to speak, after undertaking such long healing services, so it is written elsewhere in the Gospels. Whatever fasting this was by the people, and remember the disciples did have some food left, when Jesus inquired of them, they were fasting BECAUSE of a situation THAT WAS TO SOME EXTENT out of their control. A circumstance they happened to find themselves in at the time, in the excitement of the time. In other words, they had not sat down and with planned forethought said to themselves, "Well, we shall go to Jesus in the mountain for a day or more, with our loved one to be healed, and we will take along nothing to eat or drink, for we shall fast." It was not that situation at all, but one that came up on them, and they and Jesus found they were fasting whether they liked it or not. So, here is the IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE. The only two examples we have in the Bible where the word "fast" is used, and so gives us a Bible interpretation as to a "fast" that is planned with forethought, and that is DESIGNED with GOD in MIND, to DRAW CLOSE to Him, to PETITION Him for some reason, to get into a "spiritual mind set" and to see our human weakness and so the Mighty and Holiness and Righteousness and Power of the Eternal God to hear and help and serve us in that particular spiritual need that we are fasting for,is CLEARLY shown for us to be a fast that is WITHOUT FOOD AND WITHOUT WATER! Such a spiritual fast is to humble us, relate to us that we are but human flesh and blood, it is to afflict our soul or life, to give us a little or great "weak in the knees" experience. And nothing does that better than to go without food and water for a day or more. Oh, how we soon know that everything we have to sustain us in this physical life comes to us and is given to us by our heavenly Father. Nearly every verse in the Bible (one exception is this account in Mat.15) that uses the word "fast" or "fasting" is in the context of "religious fasting" in a spiritual mode to mind set oneself to draw close to God for a purpose that could be for a specific reason or just to change the direction of life, in yourself or in a community of persons. This we saw in the first study on this subject. So, for this "fasting" unto the Lord, a planned and "religious" mind set towards the Eternal God, we should then cover our mouth, delete from our body BOTH food AND water or liquids. Many may be reasoning and arguments to try to allow the drinking of water during a religious mind set fasting period to the Lord, but I think they all fall short when we take into account the whole Bible and the examples given to us for undertaking a "spiritual" fast. Of course, we can be close to the Lord and grow in spirituality each and every day, as we eat and drink. Jesus knew that, just as He said God always heard Him for He always did His will and was yielding to the Father at all times, but that still does not "do away" with the fact that Jesus often went by Himself into the mountain or wilderness to pray and draw close to God in a special way that really did have mental benefit. And, yes, although while Jesus was with His disciples, they did not fast, as the Pharisees complained to Christ concerning this fact, the answer Jesus gave clearly showed that when He was no longer going to be with them, then they would fast. As Jesus said to His followers, it was not "IF you fast..." BUT it was "WHEN you fast...." Jesus expected His brother and sisters to FAST from time to time. And what a wonderful experience for the spiritual mind it can be, to humble ourselves and draw close to the Father with a fast that is BOTH without food and water. ....................................................... Written September 1999 |
MANY BOOKS HAVE BEEN WRITTEN ON "HEALTH" FASTING. MANY HEALTH BOOKS CONTAIN CHAPTERS ON "FASTING." BUT FOR THE CHRISTIAN, WHAT DOES THE BIBLE HAVE TO SAY ON "SPIRITUAL" FASTING? SHOULD WE FAST AT ALL? IF SO, WHEN, WHY, AND WHAT FOR? THESE QUESTIONS AND OTHERS WILL ALL BE ANSWERED IN THIS ARTICLE ON BIBLICAL FASTING. by Keith Hunt SHOULD CHRISTIANS FAST? Do God and Christ expect us to fast? Should fasting be a part of a Christian's life? We are to live by every word of God. (Mt 4:4) What does God say to us on this topic? Christ said, "Moreover, when you fast ......" (Mt 6:16). Notice! He did not say IF you fast, but WHEN. Christ expected His disciples to fast. The disciples of John the Baptist came to Jesus on one occasion and asked Him why His (Christ's) followers did not fast. His answer to them was not that they should NEVER fast but that there was no need to fast while He was with them. ".....Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? But the days will come when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast" (Mt 9:15). After Christ was no longer on this earth His followers were to fast - "Then shall they fast." Christ fasted (Mt 4:2). He set us an example that we should follow in his steps (I Pet. 2:21). Paul was inspired to write, "Defraud you not one the other (do not withhold sexual relations from each other, v.2-4) except it be with consent for a time, that you may give yourselves TO FASTING and prayer ......" (I Cor 7:5). Paul wrote that ministers should prove themselves ".....in much patience.....in labours.....in fastings....." (II Cor. 6:4-5). Paul fasted (2 Cor 11:27). He said we are to follow him as he followed Christ (I Cor. 11:1). Christians, then, are to FAST! WHAT IS BIBLICAL FASTING? The Hebrew word for 'fast' is 'tsoom' - which means 'to cover over.' The Greek word is 'nace tyoo-o' - which means 'to abstain.' See Strong's Concordance of the Bible. The Hebrew and Greek words alone would strongly indicate that to fast in a biblical way is to COVER OVER the mouth and ABSTAIN from anything entering the mouth into the stomach, or - abstain from FOOD and DRINK. But God does not leave us in any doubt about what HE says is biblical SPIRITUAL fasting. God interprets His own meaning as to the word 'fast'. "Go, gather together all the Jews who are present in Shushan, AND FAST you for me, and NEITHER EAT NOR DRINK three days, night or day ....." (Esth 4:16). "In those days I Daniel was mourning (fasting - comp. with Ps 35:13; Isa 5::l-5; II Sam 1:12) three full weeks. I ATE NO PLEASANT BREAD, NEITHER CAME FLESH NOR WINE [alcohol, juice, drink] in my mouth .. ..." (Dan 10:2,3). There we have the 'thus saith the Lord' as to the meaning of 'fast.' It may not be what men or women want to say fasting is, but that is what God says to His followers it is. To fast in a biblical way - to fast spiritual - is to ABSTAIN, to COVER OVER the mouth from both FOOD and DRINK. FASTING IS AFFLICTION! Some will say, then, that to go without food and drink will surely be hard - it will be painful and it will be affliction. And God would not want me to be afflicted, would he? David, a man after God's own heart, said - "But as for me I afflicted (see mrg. ref.) my soul with fasting ....." (Ps 35:13). In Psalm 69 David again said : "When I wept, and chastened my soul with fasting, that was to my reproach" (v.10). David knew that to fast - take no food or drink - was not a bed of roses; it hurt sometimes. The word of God does not say it will be a PHYSICAL joy. It may well not be. God says through Isaiah the prophet - "Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? Wherefore have we AFFLICTED our soul, and thou takest no knowledge?" God did not recognize their fasting because, "Behold, in the day of your fast you find PLEASURE and exact all YOUR LABOURS" (Isa 58:3). Fasting is not for pleasure or labour. Fasting spiritually - biblical fasting - is to afflict our souls. God gave Israel (the church in the wilderness - Act 7:37, 38) one specific day they were to fast on - The Day of Atonement (Lev. 23:26-32). This day not only reminds us of Christ's atoning sacrifice for us, but also the coming time when this whole world will be at one with God - when Satan will be chained, no longer to deceive the world, when all sins will be placed on the one who started it all - Satan. Mankind will then be at-one - atoned to God (Comp. Lev. 16:20-34 with Heb. 13:11; Rev. 20:1-3). The DAY OF ATONEMENT (10th day of 7th month) was to be celebrated with AFFLICTION, see Lev.23. "For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people (Lev 23:29). God interprets through David that to AFFLICT ourselves is to FAST (Ps. 35:13). WHEN SHOULD WE FAST? Ecept for the one specific Day of Atonement given to us in Lev. 23, on what other days should Christians FAST? The church at Rome in Paul's day were all mixed up over this question. Some were saying that you should 'fast' on this specific day of the week, while others said no, it should be 'this' day or 'that' day. Paul had to straighten them out on this, as they were to the point of condemning each other over when to fast; when to eat or when not to eat. "Who art you that judgest (Gr. kree-no, to distinguish, decide, condemn) another man's servant? To his own master he standeth or falleth ..... God is able to make him stand. ONE MAN esteemeth one day above another; ANOTHER esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his OWN mind. He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he does not regard it. He that eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that eateth not [fasting], to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks ..... But why do you judge your brother? Or why do you set at nought your brother? For we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ" (Rom. 14:4-10). Paul told the Christians at Rome, and he also tells us likewise, that to eat on a certain day, or NOT TO EAT on that day - to 'fast' on one day or NOT TO FAST on that day, is an INDIVIDUAL matter. The word of God does not tell us on what day or days of the week to fast. Except for the Day of Atonement, God has not instructed us as to WHEN to fast. All God is concerned about is that His servants DO fast. The day or days, He has left up to us. And Paul says that God will accept our choice of day because we are doing it to God - in honor of God, to serve God. We are not to condemn each other for choosing this day as opposed to another day. That is what the Christians at Rome were doing, condemning each other over the matter. The day we, as an individual, choose to 'fast' on is left to us to decide upon. God will accept it. HOW LONG SHOULD WE FAST? DANIEL fasted for THREE full weeks at one point during his and Judah's captivity (Dan 10:2-3). MOSES, when receiving the commandments of God on Sinai, fasted FORTY days (Ex 24:18). ELIJAH also went without food and drink for FORTY days at a very crucial point in his life (I Kings 19:8). CHRIST fasted for forty days and nights, just prior to the start of His ministry (Mt 4:2). The above examples are of long 'fasts' - under very special times and events. The prophets and men of God were very strong physically back then. We have degenerated a great deal since that time. Few people today could go without food and drink for 21 days - let alone 40. The AVERAGE Christian would not be able to 'fast' much longer than TWO to FOUR days; and that only after being able to go for 24 hours with no food or drink with comparative ease on other occasions during the year. My advice to those who have never fasted in the biblical way (no food or drink) is to go slow at first. Start your fast from the mid-afternoon and end it with a light breakfast the next day. After two or three times like this, you then miss out lunch and go from say 12 noon to breakfast. The next step is then a complete 24 hour fast. How many times a year should one fast? There is no command of the Lord. So I give my judgment as one guided by the Spirit of God. One day per month would not be too often. There may be times when we will need to fast more than a day a month. The main point is that we fast more than on the Day of Atonement. WHY SHOULD WE FAST? The basic reason why God wants us to fast is to draw close to Him and to change our life (Ezra 8:22, 23). "Therefore also now, saith the Lord, turn you even to me with all your heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning: and REND YOUR HEART, and not your garments, and TURN unto the Lord your God (Joel 2:12,13). "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? To loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burden, and to let the oppressed go free ..... To deal thy bread to the hungry ..... when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him ..... Then shall thy light break forth as the morning ..... Thy righteousness shall go before thee. Then shalt thou call, and the Lord shall answer. Thou shalt cry, and he shall say, Here I am ....."(Isa 58:6-9). WHAT TO DO WHEN FASTING God tells us to PRAY while we fast, "And I set my face unto the Lord God, to seek by PRAYER and supplications, with FASTING ....." (Dan 9:3). It is a good time to CONFESS our SINS, "..... The children of Israel were assembled with fasting .... and the seed of Israel separated themselves from all strangers, and stood and confessed their sins ....." (Neh 9:1-2). We should READ the WORD OF GOD, "Therefore go thou, and read in the roll, which thou hast written from my mouth, the words of the Lord in the ears of the people in the Lord's house upon the FAST DAY ....." (Jer 36:6). A FAST DAY should not be spent doing 'our own thing' (Isa 58:3). It is not a day for housework, gardening, car repairing, sports, etc. It should be a day of prayer, bible study and meditation. OTHER REASONS FOR FASTING! Fasting was done on occasions of PUBLIC CALAMITIES (2 Sam 1:12). When approaching DANGER (Esth 4:16). In times of BEREAVEMENT (I Sam 31:13; 2 Sam 1:12; 12:16,21-23). God's minister fasted when ORDAINING MEN TO THE MINISTRY (Act 13:3; 14:23). HOW SHOULD CHRISTIANS FAST? Should we today 'rent our clothes,' put on 'sackcloth and ashes,' and go about our fasting with painful-looking faces and mournful noises? Christ told us how His followers are to fast: "Moreover, when you fast, be NOT as the hypocrites - of a SAD COUNTENANCE: for they disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast ..... BUT YOU, when thou fastest, ANOINT THINE HEAD, and WASH THY FACE; that thou APPEAR NOT unto men TO FAST, but unto thy Father which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall reward you openly." (Mt 6:16-18). EXAMPLES OF FASTING! God's word is full of examples of fasting. Here are some for you to study. When the Israelites went to Mizpeth for the Ark (I Sam 7:6). David, at the death of Saul (2 Sam 1:12). Ahab, when Elijah prophesied the destruction of himself (I Kings 21:27, 20-29). Jehoshaphat, at the invasion of the Canaanites and Syrians (2 Chr 20:3). Ezra, on account of the idolatrous marriages of the Jews (Ezra 10:6). The Ninevites, when Jonah preached to them (Jonah 3:5-10). Jesus, before He began His Gospel preaching and ministry (Mat.4). By Paul, at the time of his conversion (Acts 9:9). .................................................................
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