THE WORDS OF ALBERT BARNES, FROM HIS BIBLE COMMENTARY ON
PSALM 22
A Psalm of David
1. My God, my God. These are the very words uttered by the Saviour when on the cross (Matt, xxvii. 46); and he evidently used them as best adapted of all the words that could have been chosen to express the extremity of his sorrow. The fact that he employed them may be referred to as some evidence that the psalm was designed to refer to him; though it must he admitted that this circumstance is no conclusive proof of such a design, since he might have used words having originally another reference, as best fitted to express his own sufferings. The language is abrupt, and is uttered. without any previous intimation of what would produce or cause it. It comes from the midst of suffering—from one enduring intense agony-—-as if a new form of sorrow suddenly came upon him which he was unable to endure. That new form of suffering was the feeling that now he was forsaken by the last friend of the wretched,—God himself. We may suppose that he had patiently borne all the other forms of trial, but the moment the thought strikes him that he is forsaken of God, he cries out in the bitterness of his soul, under the pressure of anguish which is no longer to be borne. All other forms of suffering he could bear. All others he had borne. But this crushes him; overpowers him; is beyond all that the soul can sustain,—for the soul may bear all else but this. It is to be observed, however, that the sufferer himself still has confidence in God. He addresses him as his God, though he seems to have forsaken him:—"My God; MY God." Why hast thou forsaken me ? Why hast thou abandoned me, or left me to myself, to suffer unaided and alone ? As applicable to the Saviour, this refers to those dreadful moments on the cross when, forsaken by men, he seemed also to be forsaken of God himself. God did not interpose to rescue him, but left him to bear those dreadful agonies alone. He bore the burden of the world's atonement by himself. He was overwhelmed with grief, and crushed with pain; for the sins of the world, as well as the agonies of the cross, had come upon him. But there was evidently more than this;—what more we are unable fully to understand! There was a higher sense in which he was forsaken of God; for no mere physical sufferings, no pains of dying even on the cross, would have extorted this cry. If he had enjoyed the light of his Father's countenance; if these had been merely physical sufferings; if there was nothing else than what is apparent to our view in the record of those sufferings, we cannot suppose that this cry would have been heard even on the cross. There is evidently some sense in which it was true that the dying Saviour was given up to darkness—to mental trouble, to despair, as if He who is the last hope of the suffering and the dying—the Father of mercies—had withdrawn from him; as if he were personally a sinner; as if he were himself guilty or blameworthy on account of the sins for which he was making an expiation. In some sense he experienced what the sinner will himself experience when, for his own sins, he will be at last forsaken of God, and abandoned to despair. Every word in this wonderful exclamation may he supposed to be emphatic. "Why." What is the cause ? How is it to be accounted for? What end is to be answered by it? "Hast thou." Thou, my Father; thou, the comforter of those in trouble; thou, to whom the suffering and the dying may look when all else fails. "Forsaken." Left me to suffer alone withdrawn the light of thy countenance---the comfort of thy presence--the joy of thy manifest favour. "Me." Thy well-beloved Son; me, whom thou hast sent into the world to accomplish thine own work in redeeming man; me, against whom, no sin can be charged, whose life has been perfectly pure and holy;—why, now, in the extremity of these sufferings, hast thou forsaken me, and added to the agony of the cross the deeper agony of being abandoned by the God whom I love, the Father who loved me before the foundation of the world, John xvii. 24. There is a reason why God should forsake the wicked; but why should he forsake his own pure and holy Son in the agonies of death ? Why art thou so far from helping me ? Marg., from my salvation. So the Hebrew. The idea is that of one who stood so far off that he could not hear the cry, or that he could not reach out the hand to deliver. Comp. Ps. x. 1. And from the words of my roaring. The word here used properly denotes the roaring of a lion, Job iv. 10; Isa. v. 29; Zech. xi. 3; and then the outcry or the groaning of a person in great pain, Job iii. 24; Ps. xxxii. 3. It refers here to a loud cry for help or deliverance, and is descriptive of the intense suffering of the Redeemer on the cross. Comp. Matt, xxvii. 50; Luke xxiii. 46.
2. O my God, I cry in the daytime. This, in connexion with what is said at the close of the verse, "and in the night-season," means that his cry was incessant or constant. See Notes on Ps. i. 2. The whole expression denotes that his prayer or cry was continuous, but that it was not heard. As applicable to the Redeemer it refers not merely to the moment when he uttered the cry as stated in ver. 1, but to the continuous sufferings which he endured as if forsaken by God
and men. His life in general was of that description. The whole series of sorrows and trials through which he passed was as if he were forsaken by God; as if he uttered a long continuous cry, day and night, and was not heard. But thou hearest not. Thou dost not answer me. It is as if my prayers were not heard. God hears every cry; but the answer to a prayer is sometimes withheld or delayed, as if he did not hear the voice of the suppliant. So it was with the Redeemer. He was permitted to suffer without being rescued by Divine power, as if his prayers had not been heard. God seemed to disregard his supplications. And in the night-season. As explained above, this means constantly. It was literally true, however, that the Redeemer's most intense and earnest prayer was uttered in the night-season, in the garden of Gethsemane. And am not silent. Marg., there is no silence to me. Heb., "There is not silence to me." The idea is, that he prayed or cried incessantly. He was never silent. All this denotes intense and continuous supplication, supplication that came from the deepest anguish of the soul, but which was unheard and unanswered. If Christ experienced this, who may not ?
3. But thou art holy. Thou art righteous and blameless. This indicates that the sufferer had still unwavering confidence in God. Though his prayer seemed not to be heard, and though he was not delivered, he was not disposed to blame God. He believed that God was righteous, though he received no answer; he doubted not that there was some sufficient reason why he was not answered. This is applicable, not only to the Redeemer, in whom it was most fully illustrated, but also to the people of God everywhere.
It expresses a state of mind such as all true believers in God have—confidence in him, whatever may he their trials; confidence in him, though the answer to their prayers may be long delayed; confidence in him, though their prayers should seem to be unanswered. O thou that inhabitest the praises of Israel. That dwellest where praise is celebrated; that seemest to dwell in the midst of praises. The language here refers to the praises offered in the tabernacle or temple. God was supposed to dwell there, and he was surrounded by those who praised him. The sufferer looks upon him as worshipped by the multitude of his people; and the feeling of his heart is, that though he was himself a sufferer—a great and apparently unpitied sufferer—though he, by his afflictions, was not permitted to unite in those lofty praises, yet he could own that God was worthy of all those songs, and that it was proper that they should be addressed to him.
4. Our fathers trusted in thee. This is a plea of the sufferer as drawn from the character which God had manifested in former times. The argument is, that he had interposed in those times when his people in trouble had called upon him ; and he now pleads with God that he would manifest himself to them in the same way. The argument derives additional force also from the idea that he who now pleads was descended from them, or was of the same nation and people, and that he might call them his ancestors. As applicable to the Redeemer, the argument is that he was descended from those holy and suffering men who had trusted in God, and in whose behalf God had so often interposed. He identifies himself with that people; he regards himself as one of their number; and he makes mention of God's merciful interposition in their behalf, and of the fact that he had not forsaken them in their troubles, as a reason why he should now interpose in his behalf and save him. As applicable to others, it is an argument which the people of God may always use in their trials—that God has thus interposed in behalf of his people of former times who trusted in him, and who called upon him. God is always the same. We may strengthen our faith in our trials by the assurance that he never changes; and, in pleading with him, we may urge it as an argument that he has often interposed when the tried and the afflicted of his people have called upon him. They trusted, and thou didst deliver them. They confided in thee; they called on thee; thou didst not spurn their prayer; thou didst not forsake them.
5. They cried unto thee. They offered earnest prayer and supplication. And were delivered. From dangers and trials. If They trusted in thee, and were not confounded. Were not disappointed. Literally, "they were not ashamed." That is, they had not the confusion which those have who are disappointed. The idea in the word is, that when men put their trust in anything and are disappointed, they are conscious of a species of shame as if they had been foolish in relying on that which proved to be insufficient to help them; as if they had manifested a want of wisdom in not being more cautious, or in supposing that they could derive help from that which has proved to be fallacious. So in Jer. xiv. 3, "Their nobles have sent their little ones to the waters; they came to the pits, and found no water; they returned with their vessels empty; they were ashamed and confounded, and covered their heads." That is, they felt as if they had acted foolishly or unwisely in expecting to find water there. Comp. In the expression here, "they trusted in thee, and were not confounded," it is meant that men who confide in God are never disappointed, or never have occasion for shame as if herein they had acted foolishly. They are never left to feel that they had put their trust where no help was to he found; that they had confided in one who had deceived them, or that they had reason to he ashamed of their act as an act of foolishness.
6. But I am a worm, and no man. In contrast with the fathers who
trusted in thee. They prayed, and were heard; they confided in God, and were treated as men. I am left and forsaken, as if I were not worth regarding; as if I were a grovelling worm beneath the notice of the great God. In other words, I am treated as if I were the most insignificant, the most despicable, of all objects,—alike unworthy the attention of God or man. By the one my prayers are unheard; by the other I am cast out and despised. 6. As applicable to the Redeemer, this means that he was forsaken alike by God and men, as if he had no claims to the treatment due to a man. A reproach of men. Reproached by men.
Despised of the people. That is, of the people who witnessed his sufferings. It is not necessary to say how completely this had a fulfilment in the sufferings of the Saviour.
7. All they that see me laugh me to scorn. They deride or mock me.
On the word used here—laag—see Notes on Ps.ii. 4. The meaning here is to mock, to deride, to treat with scorn. The idea of laughing is not properly in the word, nor would that necessarily occur in the treatment here referred to. How completely this was fulfilled in the case of the Saviour, it is not necessary to say. Comp. Matt, xxvii. 39, "And they that passed by, reviled him." There is no evidence that this literally occurred in the life of David, They shoot out the lip. Marg., open. The Hebrew word—patar— means properly to split, to burst open; then, as in this place, it means to open wide the mouth; to stretch the mouth in derision and scorn. See Ps. xxxv. 21, "They opened their mouth wide against me." Job xvi. 10, "They have gaped upon me with their month." They shake the head. In contempt and derision. See Matt, xxvii. 39, "Wagging their heads."
8. He trusted on the Lord that he would deliver him. Marg., He rolled himself on the Lord. The margin expresses the true sense of the Hebrew word. The idea is that of being under the pressure of a heavy burden, and of rolling it off, or casting it on another. Hence the word is often used in the sense of committing to another; entrusting anything to another; confiding in another. Ps. xxxvii. 5, "Commit thy way unto the Lord;" Marg., as in Heb., " Roll thy way upon the Lord." Prov. xvi. 3, "Commit thy works unto the Lord," Marg., as in Heb., "Roll." The language here is the taunting language of his enemies, and the meaning is that he had professed to commit himself to the Lord as if he were his friend; he had expressed confidence in God, and he believed that his cause was safe in His hand. This, too, was actually fulfilled in the case of the Saviour. Matt, xxvii. 43: "He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have him." It is one of the most remarkable instances of blindness and infatuation that has ever occurred in the world, that the Jews should have used this language in taunting the dying Redeemer, without even suspecting that they were fulfilling the prophecies, and demonstrating at the very time when they were reviling him that he was the true Messiah, Let Him deliver him. Let him come and save him. Since he professes to belong to God; since he claims that God loves him and regards him as his friend, let him come now and rescue one so dear to him. He is hopelessly abandoned by men. If God chooses to have one so abject, so despised, so forsaken, so helpless, let him come now and take him as his own. We will not rescue him; we will do nothing to save him, for we do not need him. If God wants him, let him come and save him. What blasphemy! What an exhibition of the dreadful depravity of the human heart was manifested in the crucifixion of the Redeemer. Seeing he delighted, in Him. Marg., if he delight in him. The correct rendering is,"for he delighted in him." That is, it was claimed by the sufferer that God delighted in him. If this is so, say they, let him come and rescue one so dear to himself. Let him show his friendship for this vagrant, this impostor, this despised and worthless man!
9. But thou art he that took me out of the womb. I owe my life to thee. This is urged by the sufferer as a reason why God should now interpose and protect him. God had brought him into the world, guarding him in the perils of the earliest moments of his being, and he now pleads that in the day of trouble God will interpose and save him. There is nothing improper in applying this to the Messiah. He was a man, with all the innocent propensities and feelings of man; and no one can say but that when on the cross,—and perhaps with peculiar fitness we may say when he saw his mother standing near him (John xix. 25),—these thoughts may have passed through his mind. In the remembrance of the care bestowed on his early years, he may now have looked with an eye of earnest pleading to God, that, if it were possible, he might deliver him. Thou didst make me hope. Marg., Keptest me in safety. The phrase in the Hebrew means, Thou didst cause me to trust or to hope. It may mean here either that he was made to cherish a hope of the Divine favour in very early life, as it were when an infant at the breast; or it may mean that he had cause then to hope, or to trust in God. The former, it seems to me, is probably the meaning; and the idea, that from his earliest years he had been led to trust in God; and he now pleads this fact as a reason why he should interpose to save him. Applied to the Redeemer as a man, means that in his earliest childhood he had trusted in God. His first breathings were those of piety. His first aspirations were for the Divine favour. His first love was the love of God. This he now calls to remembrance; this he now urges as reason why God should not withraw the light of his countenance, and leave him to suffer alone. No one can prove that these thoughts did not pass through the mind of the Redeemer when he was enduring the agonies of desertion on the cross; no one can show that they would have been improper. Upon my mother's beast. In my earliest infancy. This does not mean that he literally cherished hope then, but that he had done it in the earliest period of his life, as the first act of his conscious being.
10. I was cast upon thee from the womb. Upon thy protection and care. This, too, is an argument for the Divine interposition. He had been, as it were, thrown early in life upon the protecting care of God. In some peculiar sense he had been more unprotected and defenceless than is common at that period of life, and he owed his preservation then entirely to God. This, too, may have passed through the mind of the Redeemer on the cross. In those sad and desolate moments he may have recalled the scenes of his early life—the events which had occurred in regard to him in his early years; the poverty of his mother, the manger, the persecution by Herod, the flight into Egypt, the return, the safety which he then enjoyed from persecution in a distant part of the land of Palestine, in the obscure and unknown village of Nazareth. This too may have occurred to his mind as a reason why God should interpose and deliver him from the dreadful darkness which had come over him now. Thou art my God from my mother's belly. Thou hast been my God from my very childhood. He had loved God as such; he had obeyed him as such; he had trusted him as such; and he now pleads this as a reason why God should interpose for him.
11. Be not far from me. Do not withdraw from me; do not leave or forsake me. For trouble is near. Near, in the sense that deep sorrow has come upon me; near, in the sense that I am approaching a dreadful death, For there is none to help. Marg., as in Heb., not a helper. There were those who would have helped, but they could not; there were those who could have helped, but they would not.
His friends that stood around the cross were unable to aid him; his foes were unwilling to do it; and he was left to suffer unhelped.
12. Many bulls have compassed me. Men with the fierceness and fury of bulls. Comp. Isa. li. 20; Ps. lxviii. 30. Strong bulls of Bashan. The country of Bashan embraced the territory which was on the east of the Jordan, north of Gilead, which was given to the half tribe of Manasseh: comp. Gen. xiv. 5 with Joshua xii. 4-6. It was distinguished as pasture land for its richness. Its trees and its breed of cattle are frequently referred to in the Scriptures. Thus in Deut. xxxii. 14, "rams of the breed of Bashan" are mentioned; in Isa. ii. 13, Zech. xi. 2, "oaks of Bashan" are mentioned in connexion with the cedars of Lebanon; in Amos iv. 1, "the kine of Bashan " are mentioned. The bulls of Bashan are here alluded to as remarkable for their size, their strength, and their fierceness; and are designed to represent men that were fierce, savage, and violent. As applied to the Redeemer, the allusion is to the fierce and cruel men that persecuted, him and sought his life. No one can doubt that the allusion is applicable to his persecutors and murderers; and no one can show that the thought indicated by this phrase also may not have passed through the mind of the Redeemer when on the cross.
13. They gaped upon me with their mouths. Marg., as in Heb., opened their mouths against me. That is, they opened their mouths wide as if they would devour me, as a lion does when he seizes upon his prey. In ver. 7 they are represented as "opening" the mouth for another purpose— that of derision or scorn; here they are described as if they were fierce and wild beasts ready to fall upon their prey. As a ravening and roaring lion. The word ravening means voraciously devouring, and the allusion in the Hebrew word is to the lion as he tears his prey—toreph —-rending it in pieces to devour it. All this is designed to denote the greediness with which the enemies of the Redeemer sought his life.
14. I am poured out like water. The sufferer now turns from his enemies, and describes the effect of all these outward persecutions and trials on himself. The meaning in this expression is, that all his strength was gone. It is remarkable that we have a similar expression, which is not easily accounted for, when we say of ourselves that "we are as weak as water." An expression similar to this occurs in Joshua vii. 5 "The hearts of the people melted, and became as water." Comp. Lam. ii. 19; Ps. Iviii. 7. My bones are out of joint. Marg., sundered. The Hebrew word—parad—means to break off, to break in pieces, to separate by breaking; and then, to be separated, or divided. It is not necessary to suppose here that his bones were literally dislocated or "put out of joint" any more than it is necessary to suppose that he was literally "poured out like water," or that his heart was literally "melted like wax" within him. The meaning is that he was utterly prostrated and powerless; he was as if his bones had been dislocated, and he was unable to use his limbs, My heart is like wax. The idea here also is that of debility. His strength seemed all to be gone. His heart was no longer firm; his vigour was exhausted. It is melted in the midst of my bowels. Or, within me. The word bowels in the Scriptures is not restricted in its signification as it is with us. It embraces the upper parts of the viscera as well as the lower, and consequently would include that part in which the heart is situated. See Notes on Isa. xvi. 11. The meaning here is that his heart was no longer firm and strong. As applied to the Redeemer, this would refer to the prostration of his strength in his last struggle; and no one can prove that these thoughts did not pass through his mind when on the cross.
15. My strength is dried up like a potsherd, A potsherd is a fragment of a broken pot, or a piece of earthenware. See Notes on Isa. xlv. 9; Job ii. 8. The meaning here is, that his strength was not vigorous like a green tree that was growing, and that was full of sap, but it was like a brittle piece of earthenware, so dry and fragile that it could be easily crumbled to pieces. And my tongue cleaveih to my jaws. See Notes on Job xxix. 10. The meaning here is, that his mouth was dry, and he could not speak. His tongue adhered to the roof of his mouth so that he could not use it,—another description of the effects of intense thirst. Comp. John xix. 28. And thou hast brought me into the dust of death. Or, as we should say, to dust—to the grave—to the dust where death reigns. See Notes on Dan. xii. 2. The meaning is, that he was near death; or, was just ready to die. Who can show that the Redeemer when on the cross may not in his own meditations have gone over these very expressions in the psalm as applicable to himself?
16. For dogs have compassed me, Men who resemble dogs;—harsh, snarling, fierce, ferocious.
See Notes on Phil. iii. 2; Rev. xxii. 15. No one can doubt that this is applicable to the Redeemer. The assembly of the wicked have inclosed me. That is, they have surrounded me; they I have come around me on all sides so that I might not escape. So they surrounded the Redeemer in the garden of Gethsemane when they arrested him and bound him; so they surrounded him when on his trial before the Sanhedrim and before Pilate; and so they surrounded him on the cross. They pierced my hands and my feet. This passage is attended with more difficulty than perhaps any other part of the psalm. It is remarkable that it is nowhere quoted or referred to in the New Testament as applicable to the Saviour; and it is no less remarkable that there is no express statement in the actual history of the crucifixion that either the hands or the feet of the Saviour were pierced, or that he was nailed to the cross at all. This was not necessarily implied in the idea of crucifixion, for the hands and the feet were sometimes merely hound to the cross by cords, and the sufferer was allowed to linger on the cross thus suspended until he died from mere exhaustion. There can be no doubt, however, that the common mode of crucifixion was to nail the hands to the transverse beam of the cross, and the feet to the upright part of it. See the description of the crucifixion in the Notes on Matt, xxvii. 31,32. Thus Tertullian, speaking of the sufferings of Christ, and applying this passage to his death, says that "this was the peculiar or proper—-propria —severity of the cross."— Adv. Marcionem, iii. 19, ed. Wurtz, I. p. 403. See Hengstenberg's Christology, 1,139. The great difficulty in this passage is in the word rendered in our version, they pierced—kaari. It occurs only in one other place, Isa. xxxviii. 13, where it means as a lion.
This would undoubtedly be the most natural interpretation of the word here, unless there were good reasons for setting it aside; and not a few have endeavoured to show that this is the true rendering. According to this interpretation, the passage would mean, "As lions, they [that is, my enemies] surround (gape upon) my hands and my feet; that is, they threaten to tear my limbs to pieces.'' Qesenius, Lex. This interpretation is also that of Aben Ezra, Ewald, Paulus, and others. But, whatever may be the true explanation, there are very serious objections to this one. (a) It is difficult to make sense of the passage if this is adopted. The preceding word, rendered in our version "inclosed," can mean only surrounded or encompassed, and it is difficult to see how it could be said that a lion could "surround" or "encompass" the hands and the feet. At all events, such an interpretation would be harsh and unusual. (b) According to this interpretation the word "me"—"inclosed me "—-would be superfluous; since the idea would be, "they enclose or surround my hands and my feet." (c) All the ancient interpreters have taken the word here to be a verb, and in all the ancient versions it is rendered as if it were a verb. Even in the Masora parva (Jewish) it is said that the word here is to be taken in a different sense from what it has in Isa. xxxviii. 13, where it plainly means a lion. Gesenius admits that all the ancient interpreters have taken this as a verb, and says that it is "certainly possible" that it may be so. He says that it may be regarded as a participle formed in the Chaldee manner (from kur), and in the plural number for kaarim, and says that in this way it would be properly rendered, piercing my hands and my feet; that is, as he says, "my enemies, who are understood in the dogs." Form such high authority, and from the uniform mode of interpretation the word among the ancients, it may be regarded as morally certain that the word is a verb, and that it is not to be rendered, as in Isa. xxxviii. 13, "as a lion," The verb--kur--properly means to dig, to bore through, to pierce.
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TO BE CONTINUED
THERE IS NOTHING I CAN ADD. ALBERT BARNES HAS DONE A VERY FINE JOB IN EXPOUNDING THIS WONDERFUL PSALM THAT HAS SO MUCH APPLICABLE TO OUR SAVIOR.
PSALM 22 #2
...The material question is, What does the verb mean? The verb—kur— properly means to dig, to bore through, to fierce. Thus used, according to Gesenius, it would mean piercing; and if the word used here is a verb, he supposes that it would refer to the enemies of David as wounding him, or piercing him, "with darts and weapons." He maintains that it is applicable to David literally, and he sees no reason to refer it to the Messiah. But, if so, it is natural to ask why the hands and the feet are mentioned. Certainly it is not usual for darts and spears thrown by an enemy to injure the hands or the feet particulaily; nor is it customary to refer to the hands or the feet when describing the effects produced by the use of those weapons. If the reference were to the enemies of David as wounding him with darts and spears, it would he much more natural to refer to the body in general, without specifying any of the particular members of the body. De Wette renders it fesseln—"they bind my hands and my feet." He remarks, however, in a note, that according to the ancient versions, and the Codices of Kennicott and De Eossi, it means durchiohren—bore through. Aquila, Symmachus, and Jerome in five codices, says he, render it bind. The Septuagint renders it—they pierced. The Latin Vulgate the same, foderunt. See the Syriac. For these reasons it seems to me that the common rendering is the true one, and that the meaning is, that, in some proper sense, the enemies here referred to "pierced or bored through" the hands and the feet of the sufferer. Evidently this could not be literally applied to David, for there is not the least authority for supposing that this ever happened to him; nor, as has been shown, was such a thing prohable. A casual dart, or the stroke of a spear, might indeed strike the hand or the foot; but it would be unusual and remarkable if they should strike those members of the body and leave the other parts uninjured, so as to make this a matter for special notice; and even if they did strike those parts, it would be every way unlikely that they would pierce them, or bore them through. Such an event would be so improbable that we may assume that it did not occur, unless there was the most decisive evidence of the fact. Nor is there the least probability that the enemies of David would pierce his hands and feet deliberately and of design. I say nothing in regard to the fact that they never had him in their possession so that they could do it; it is sufficient to say that this was not a mode of punishing one who was taken captive in war. Conquerors slew their captives; they made them pass under yokes; they put them under saws and harrows of iron (comp. 2 Sam. xii. 3; 1 Chron. xx. 3); but there is not the slightest evidence that they ever tortured captives in war by piercing the hands and the feet. But, as has been remarked above, there is every reason to believe that this was the ordinary mode of crucifixion. I conclude, therefore, that this must have had original reference to the Messiah. It is no objection to the interpretation that this passage is not expressly referred to as having been fulfilled in the Redeemer; for there are undoubtedly many passages in the prophets which refer to the Messiah, which are not formally applied to him in the New Testament. To make it certain that the prophecy referred to him, and was fulfilled in him, it is not necessary that we should find on record an actual application of the passage to him. All that is necessary in the case is, that it should he a prophecy; that it should have been spoken before the event; and that to him it should be fairly applicable.
17. I may tell all my bones. That is, I may count them. They are so prominent, so hare, that I can see them and count their number. The idea here is that of emaciation from continued suffering or from some other cause. As applied to the Redeemer, it would denote the effect of long protracted suffering and anxiety on his frame, as rendering it crushed, weakened, emaciated. Comp. Notes on Isa. lii. 14; liii. 2, 3. No one can prove that an effect sach as is here referred to may not have been produced by the sufferings of the Redeemer. They look and stare upon me. That is, either my bones,-—or, my enemies that stand around me. The most obvious construction would refer it to the former,-—-to his bones,— as if they stood out prominently and stared him in the face. Rosenmiiller understands it in the latter sense, as meaning that his enemies gazed with wonder on Such an object. Perhaps this, on the whole, furnishes the best interpretation, as there is something unnatural in speaking of a man's own bones staring or gazing upon him, and as the image of his enemies standing and looking with wonder on one so wretched, so crushed, so broken, is a very striking one. This, too, will better agree with the statement in Isa. lii. 14, "Many were astonished at thee;" and Isa. liii. 2,3, "He hath no form nor comeliness, and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him"—"we hid, as it were, our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not." It accords also better with the statement in the following verse; "they," that is, the same persons referred to, "part my garments among them."
18. They part my garments among them. They divide; they apportion. This refers merely to the fact that they made such a division or distribution of his garments; the manner in which it was done, is specified in the other part of the verse. The word garments is a general term, and would be applicable to any part of the raiment, And, cast lots upon my vesture. That is, upon the part here represented by the word vesture, they cask lots. There was a general division of his garments by agreement, or in some other mode not involving the use of the lot; on some particular portion, here indicated by the word vesture, the lot was east to determine whoso it should be. The word thus rendered vesture—lebush—does not necessarily denote any particular article of raiment, as distinguished from what is meant by the word rendered garments. Both are general terms denoting clothing, raiment, vestment; and either of the terms might be applied to any article of apparel. The original words used here would not necessarily designate one article of raiment as disposed of without the lot and another specified portion by the lot. But although it could not be argued beforehand from the mere use of the language that such would be the case, yet if that should occur, it would be natural and not improper to apply the language in that sense, and as therein completely fulfilled. As a matter of fact this was literally fulfilled in the crucifixion of the Saviour. By remarkable circumstances which no human sagacity could have foreseen or anticipated, there occurred a general division of a portion of his raiment, without an appeal to the lot, among the soldiers who were engaged in crucifying him, and a specific disposal of one article of his raiment by the lot, Matt, xxvii. 35; Luke xxiii. 34; John xix. 23,24. It never occurred in the life of David, as far as we know, or have reason to believe, that his enemies stripped him, and divided his garments among themselves; and the description here, therefore, could be applicable only to some one else. It was completely fulfilled in the Saviour; and this verse, therefore, furnishes the fullest proof that the psalm refers to him. At the same time it should he observed that these circumstances are such that an impostor could not have secured the correspondence of the events with the prediction. The events referred to were not under the control of him whose garments were thus divided. They depended wholly on others; and by no art or plan could an impostor have so arranged matters that all these things should have appeared to be fulfilled in himself.
19. But oe not thou far from me, O Loed. O Jehovah. Others—all others—have forsaken me, and left me to perish. Now, in the day of my desertion and my peril, be thou near to me. See ver. 11. This is the burden of the prayer in the whole psalm, that God would not leave him, but sustain and deliver him. Comp. ver. 1. O my strength. Source of my strength; thou on whom I rely for support and deliverance. Haste thee to help me. Help me speedily. Come to support me; come to deliver me from these dreadful sorrows. This is not necessarily a prayer to be rescued from death, but it would be applicable to deliverance from those deep mental sorrows that had come upon him—from this abandonment to unutterable woes.
20. Deliver my soul from the sword. The word soul here means life, and denotes a living person. It is equivalent to "deliver me." The sword is used to denote an instrument of death, or anything that pierces like a sword. Comp. 2 Sam. xi. 24,25. As applied to the Saviour here, it may mean those extreme mental sufferings that were like the piercing of a sword. My darling. Marg., my only one. Prof. Alexander, my lonely one. De Wette, my life. The Hebrew word—yahhid—means one alone, only, as of an only child;—then one alone, forsaken, solitary, wretched, Ps. xv. 16; lxviii. 6;—then it means one only, the only one, in the sense of most dear, darling. Here, according to Gesenius (Lex.), it is used poetically for life, as being something most dear, or as denoting all that we have, and, therefore, most precious. Comp. Job . 4. This is the most probable interpretation here, as it would thus correspond with the expression in the first part of the verse, "deliver my soul." From the power of the dog. [Marg., as in Heb., from the hand. The enemy is represented, as in ver. 16, as a dog (see Notes on that verse); and then that enemy is spoken of as inflicting death by his hand. There a little incongruity in speaking of a dog as having hands, but the image before the mind is that of the enemy with the character of a dog, and thus there is no impropriety in using in reference to him the language which commonly applied to a man.
21. Save me from the lion's mouth. [his enemies represented as fierce and ravening lions, comp. ver. 13. For thou hast heard me. The word heard in this place is equivalent to saved—saved in answer to prayer. The act of hearing the prayer, and answering it, is regarded as so identical, or the one as so certainly following from the other, that they may be spoken of like the same thing. From the horns of the unicorns. The idea here is that he cried to God when exposed what is here called "the horns of the unicorns." That is, when surrounded by enemies as fierce and violent as wild beasts,—as if he were among "unicorns" seeking his life,-— had called upon God, and God had heard him. This would refer to some former period of his life, when surrounded by dangers, or exposed to the attacks of wicked men, and when he had called upon God, and had been heard. There were not a few occasions alike in the life of David and in the life of the Saviour, to which this would be applicable. The fact that he had thus been delivered from danger, is now urged as an argument why God was to be regarded as able to deliver him again, and why the prayer might be offered that he would do it; comp. vers. 9-11. To see the force of this it is not necessary to be able to determine with accuracy what is meant here by the word rendered unicorn, or whether the psalmist referred to the animal now denoted by that term. The existence of such an animal was long regarded as fabulous; but though it has been proved that there is such an animal, it is not necessary to suppose that the psalmist referred to it. Gesenius renders the word—reem—buffalo (Lex.), So also De Wette. See Notes on Job xxxix. 9,10, where the meaning of the word is fully considered. The word occurs elsewhere only in Numb, xxiii. 22; xxir. 8; Deut. xxxiii. 17; Ps. xxix. 6; xcii. 10; Isa. xxxiv. 7, in all which places it is rendered unicorn, or unicorns.
22. I will declare thy name. I will make thee known; that is, thine existence; thy perfections; thy law; thy method of salvation. As the result or effect of the interposition which he desired, and for which he prayed, he says that he would diffuse a knowledge of God. This is an expression of true piety, and is a statement of what in a pure mind, will always be consequent on a gracious Divine interposition,—a purpose to make the character of the benefactor known. Comp. Ps. li. 12,13; xviii. 48,49. As applicable to the Redeemer, it means that he would make the name of God known to men, or that through him that name would he made known. Unto my brethren. Comp. John xx. 17; Rom. viii. 29. The word brethren would embrace literally brothers; kinsfolk; countrymen; then, those of the same opinion, profession, or religion; then, in a still larger sense, the human race as descended from a common parent. As having reference to the Redeemer, it would embrace here not only those who were his immediate followers and whom he called brethren,—-not only those of his own nation,—hut the human family in general, towards whom he consented to sustain this relation. Comp. Notes on Heb. ii. 10 —12, where this passage is quoted and expressly applied to our Saviour. In the midst of the congregation. Among the people assembled to worship there. See Notes on Heb. ii. 12. This is the place where praise is commonly celebrated, and he says that there he would make known the goodness of God. Comp. Isa. xxxviii. 19, 20. It is not necessary to show that this was literally done by the Redeemer. It is enough to observe that this is the usual language of piety, and that the effect of his work has been to cause the praises of God to be celebrated in tens of thousands of the congregations of his saints.
23. Ye that fear the Lord. A phrase denoting those who are pious. Praise him. This is language which may be supposed to be addressed by the speaker in the great congregation. In the previous verse he had said that he would praise God "in the midst of the congregation;" he here speaks as if he were in that congregation, and addressing them. He, therefore, calls on them to praise and honour God. All ye the seed of Jacob, glorify him. The descendants of Jacob; that is, all who are true worshippers of God. And fear him. Honour him, worship him. See Notes on Ps. v. 7. All ye the seed of Israel. Another name for Jacob (Gen. xxxii. 28), and designed to denote also all who are true worshippers of Jehovah.
24. For he hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted. This expresses the belief that his prayer had been heard. The fact that he had been, thus heard is here assigned to be the ground or reason for the exhortation in the previous verse, addressed to all the pious. The Lord had heard his prayer, and this was a reason why others should also confide in the Lord, and feel assured that he would likewise hear their prayers. Neither hath he hid his face from him. That is, permanently, constantly, finally, completely. He has not wholly abandoned me, but though he seemed to forsake me, it was for a time only; and his friendship has not been ultimately and for ever withdrawn. lt was indeed the foundation of all the petitions in this psalm that the Lord had hid his face from the sufferer (ver. 1) ; but, from this verse, it seems that it was only for a time. That which he passed through was a temporary darkness, succeeded by the clear manifestations of the Divine favour. The Lord heard his prayer; the Lord showed that he had not utterly forsaken him. But when he cried unto him, he heard. Showing that now he had the evidence and the assurance that his prayer had been heard. As applicable to the Redeemer on the cross, this means that though the darkness seemed to continue till death, yet it was not an utter forsaking. His prayer was heard; his work was accepted; the great object for which he came into the world would he accomplished; he himself would rise triumphantly from his sufferings; and the cause which he came to establish, and for which lie died, would finally prevail in the world. Comp. Heh. v. 7,8; John xi. 42; Isa. liii. 11,12.
25. My praise shall be of thee. That is, I will praise thee. I will call to remembrance thy goodness, and will unite with others in celebrating thy faithfulness and loving-kindness. In the great congregation. See Notes on ver. 22. I will pay my vows before them that fear him. In the presence of his worshippers. That is, he would keep the vows which in his afflictions he had made, that he would praise and serve God. These vows or promises were of the nature of a debt which he says he would remember to pay. Of the Redeemer, this need not be understood personally, but it means that as the result of his prayer having been heard, the worship of God would be celebrated by those who feared him. The solemn worship of the people of God—the praises which they offer to the Most High—may be regarded as worship paid by the Redeemer himself, for he does it in the persons and services of those whom he redeemed. All the praises which proceed from their hearts and lips are the fruit of his "vows," of his fidelity, and his prayers.
26. The meek shall eat and be satisfied. The word meek—anavim—means here rather afflicted, distressed, miserable. This is its usual meaning. It is employed sometimes in the sense of mild or meek (comp. Num. xii. 3); but. it here manifestly denotes the afflicted; the poor; the distressed. When it is said that they would "eat and he satisfied" the idea. is that of prosperity or abundance; and the statement is, that, as the result of the Redeemer's work, blessings in abundance would he imparted to the poor and the distressed—those who had been destitute, forsaken, and friendless. They shall praise the Lord that seek him. Those that worship God, or the pious, shall see abundant cause to praise God. They will not merely call upon him by earnest prayer, but they will render him thanks for his mercies. Your heart shall live for ever. The hearts of those that worship God. Their hearts would not faint or be discouraged. They would exult and rejoice continually. In other words, their joy and their praise would never die away.
27. All the ends of the world. All parts of the earth; all nations. The earth is frequently represented in the Scriptures as having limits or boundaries; as spread out; as having corners, etc. Comp. Isa. xi. 12; Jer. ix. 26; xxv. 23; xlix. 32; Rev.vii. 1. This language is in accordance with the prevailing modes of thinking, in; the same way as we say, "the sun rises;" "the sun sets," etc. Shall remember. The nations are often represented as forgetting God; that jis, they act as if they had once known him, and had then forgotten him. See Job viii. 13.; Ps. ix. 17; 1.22; Rom. i. 21. Here it is said that they I would again call God to remembrance, it is, they would worship him as the true God. If And turn unto the BD. Turn away from their idols worship the living God. And all kindreds of the nations. All the families. The numerous families upon the earth that constitute the great family of mankind. Shall worship before thee. Shall worship thy presence; that is, shall worship thee. The language is derived from the act of worshipping God in the tabernacle or the temple, before the visible symbol of his presence there, applicable to the Redeemer, this language is in accordance with what uniformly said of him and his work, that the world would bo converted to the living and true God. Comp. on Ps. ii. 8.
28. For the kingdom is the Lord's. The dominion belongs of right to
Jehovah, the true God. See Matt.13; Ps. xlvii. 7,8. And he is the governor among the nations. He is the rightful governor or ruler among the nations. This is an assertion of the absolute right of Jehovah to reign over the nations of the earth, and the expression of an assurance on the part of the Messiah that, as the consequence of his work, thes empire of Jehovah over the tions would he actually established, Comp. Notes on.Dan. vii. 13,14,27; and on 1 Cor. xv. 24-28.
29. All they that he fat upon the earth. The general meaning of this is, that all classes of persons will come and worship the true God;—not the poor and needy only, the afflicted, and the oppressed, but the rich and the prosperous. There are three classes mentioned as representing
—(1) the rich and prosperous; (2) they who bow down, to the dust, or the crushed and the oppressed; (3) those who are approaching the grave, and have no power to keep themselves alive. The first class comprises those who are mentioned here as being fat. This image is often used to denote prosperity: Jndg. iii. 29 ; Job xv. 27; Ps. xvii. 10; Ixxiii. 4 (Heb.); Deut. xxxi. 20; xxxii. 15. The meaning is, that the rich, the great, the prosperous would be among the multitudes who would be converted to the living God. Shall eat and worship. This expression is derived from the custom of offering sacrifices, and of feasting upon portions of the animal that was slain. In accordance with this, the blessings of salvation are often represented as a feast to which all are invited. See Notes on Isa. xxv. 6. Comp. Luke xiv. 16. All they that go down to the dust. All those descending to the dust. Those who are bowed down to the dust; who are crushed, broken, and oppressed;—the poor, the sad, the sorrowful. Salvation is for them, as well as for the rich and the great. Shall bow before him. Shall worship before the true God. And none can keep alive his own soul. Or rather, and he who cannot keep his soul (that is, himself) alive. So the Hebrew properly means, and this accords better with the connexion. The class here represented is composed of those who are ready to perish, who are about to die,—the aged—the infirm—the sick—the dying. These, thus helpless, feeble, and sad, shall also become interested in the great plan of salvation, and shall turn unto the Lord. These classes would represent all the dwellers on the earth; and the affirmation is equivalent to a statement that men of all classes would be converted, and would partake of the blessings of salvation.
30. A seed shall serve him. A people; a race. The word used here, is rendered seed-—zera—means properly a sowing ; then, a planting, plantation; then, seed sown—of plants, trees, or grain; and then, a generation of men,—children, off-iring, posterity: Gen. iii. 15; xiii. i; xv. 5,13; .ei al. Hence it means race, stock, or family. It is used here as denoting those who belong to the he family of God; his children. Comp. Isa. vi. 13; lxv. 9, 23. The eaning here is, that, as the result the work performed by the sufferer, any would be brought to serve God.
It. To wit, the seed mentioned; the people referred to. Shall be counted to the Lord for a generation. The word here rendered Lord not Jehovah, but Adonai,—a word which is often used as a name of God,—and should not be printed here small capitals. Prof. Alexander renders this, it seems to me improperly, "It shall be related of the lord to the next generation." So De Wette and Hengstenberg. But the common rendering appears to me furnish a better signification, and be more in accordance with the meaning of the original. According to this the idea is, that the seed—the people referred to—would be reckoned to the Lord as a generation of his own people, a race, a tribe, a family pertaining to him. They would be regarded as such by him; they would so estimated by mankind. They would not be a generation of aliens or strangers, but a generation of his people and friends. Comp. Ps. lxxxvii.
31. They shall come. That is, there were those who would thus come. Who these would be is not specified, the obvious sense is, that some would rise up to do this; that the succession of such men would be kept up in age to age, making known these great facts and truths to succeeding generations. The language would be applicable to a class of men called, from age to age, to proclaim these truths, and set apart to this work. It is a fair application of the verse to refer it to those who have been actually designated for such an office,— the ministers of religion appointed to keep up the memory of the great work of redemption in the world. Thus understood, the passage is a proper carrying out of the great truths stated in the psalm—that, in virtue of the sufferings of the Redeemer, God would be made known to men; that his worship would be kept up in the earth; that distant generations would serve him. And shall declare his righteousness. No language could better describe the actual office of the ministers of the Gospel as appointed to set forth the "righteousness" of God, to vindicate his government and laws, and to state the way in which men may be made righteous, or may be justified. Comp. Rom. i. 17; iii. 26. "Unto a people that shall be born." To future generations. That he hath done this. That God has done or accomplished what is stated in this psalm; that is, on the supposition that it refers to the Messiah, that he has caused an atonement to be made for mankind, or that redemption has been provided through the sufferings of the Messiah.
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I [ALBERT BARNES] have given what seems to me to be a fair exposition of this psalm, referring it wholly to the Messiah. No part of the interpretation, on this view of the psalm, seems to me to be forced or unnatural, and as thus interpreted it seems to me to have as fair and obvious an applicability to him as even the liii. chapter of Isaiah, or any other portion of the prophecies. The scene in the psalm is the cross, the Redeemer suffering for the sins of man. The main features of the psalm relate to the course of thoughts which then passed through the mind of the Redeemer; his sorrow at the idea of being abandoned by God; his confidence in God; the remembrance of his early hopes; his emotions at the taunts and reviling of his enemies; his conseionsness of prostrated strength; his feelings as the soldiers pierced his hands and his feet, and as they proceeded to divide his raiment; His prayer that his enemies might not be suffered to accomplish their design, or to defeat the work of redemption; his purpose to make God known to men; his assurance that the effect of his sufferings would be to bring the dwellers on the earth to serve God, and to make his name and his righteousness known to far distant times. I regard the whole psalm, therefore, as applicable to the Messiah alone; and believing it to be inspired, I cannot but feel that we have here a most interesting and affecting account, given long before it occurred, of what actually passed through the mind of the Redeemer when on the cross,—an account more full than we have anywhere else in the Bible. Other statements pertain more particularly to the external events of the crucifixion; here we have a record in anticipation of what actually passed through Christ's own mind in those hours of unspeakable anguish when he made an atonement for the sins of the world.
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A WONDERFUL PSALM, AND A VERY FINE EXPOUNDING OF
IT BY THE LATE OLD ALBERT BARNES IN HIS BIBLE
COMMENTARY.
THE FATHER BEING PURE HOLY PERFECT RIGHTEOUSNESS
HAD TO STAND AWAY FOR A WHILE, WHILE HIS SON TOOK
ALL THE SINS OF MANKIND UPON HIMSELF. JESUS BECAME
SIN FOR US, THE SINLESS FOR THE SINNERS, THAT WE
COULD BE MADE RIGHTEOUS, RECEIVE GRACE, THROUGH
THE SACRIFICE ON THE CROSS; SO HAVE ETERNAL LIFE
IN THE KINGDOM OF GOD.
A BEAUTIFUL INSPIRING PSALM FOR THE PASSOVER AND
FEAST OF UNLEAVENED BREAD.
Keith Hunt
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