MESOPOTAMIA—— THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION
FROM THE LECTURES BY ALEXIS CASTOR PhD
LECTURE 5b— continuing from 5a
5th-early 4th millennium
“WE BEGIN TO IDENTIFY THE FIRST VILLAGES AND SMALL TOWNS THAT SHOW A SIMILAR USE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALSO A SIMILAR STYLE OF POTTERY.
THIS OCCURS FIRST IN THE SOUTH.
WE’VE SEEN TRACES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT AS EARLY AS THE 7TH MILLENNIUM BUT THEY ARE VERY SMALL, LESS THAN TWO-AND-HALF ACRES
[IT COULD BE POSSIBLE ADAM AND EVE WERE CREATED IN THE 7TH CENTURY B. C. BUT THE TEXT IN THE BIBLE SHOWS THINGS LIKE A CITY WAS DONE NOT THAT LONG AFTER CHILDREN WERE BORN TO ADAM AND EVE— Keith Hunt]
AND THAT IS DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY SURROUNDED BY ALL OF THESE TELLS, AND ALSO DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET. WE FIND THESE SETTLEMENTS IN REGIONS WHERE RAIN-FED FARMING WAS TYPICAL, SO IT’S IN THE NORTHERN PART OF CENTRAL MESOPOTAMIA. REMEMBER THAT WAS AN AREA WHERE RAIN COULD SUPPLY AGRICULTURE.
WE SEE THESE COMMUNITIES CONTINUED TO HUNT, FOR WE FIND BONES OF WILD ANIMALS …. THAT WERE PREVALENT OUT IN THE DESERT AND STEP. WE FIND DOMESTICATED SHEEP AND WE FIND TRACES THAT THESE ANIMALS WERE USED, SO THERE MAYBE INDICATIONS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE A SPECIALIZATION OF PROFESSION. WE START TO FIND THE EARLIEST SPINDLE WHIRLS WHICH WERE USED TO SPIN WOOL. SO RIGFHT AT THE BEGINNING WE SEE SHEEP WERE FOR THE WOOL THEY PRODUCED TO MAKE CLOTHING.
THE HOUSES IN THESE SETTLEMENTS ARE ROUND AND ABOUT 10 TO 15 FEET IN DIAMETER. THIS WOULD BE ENOUGH TO HOUSE A FAMILY, A SMALL FAMILY, SO NOT EXTENDED FAMILIES, BUT PARENTS AND CHILDREN IN WHAT WE CALL A NUCLEAR FAMILY. I MENTIONED LAST TIME A SITE THAT YEILDS A SPECIFIC TYPE OF POTTERY IS OFTEN THE SOURCE FOR THE NAME OF THE PERIOD AS WE SAW WITH THE HALAF POTTERY…..
WE’LL TALK ABOUT THE HALAF SETTLEMENT TODAY AND ALSO THE UBAID SETTLEMENTS WHICH FOLLOW THE HALAF WARE.
THE HALAF POTTERY WAS VERY HIGHLY DECORATED, THESE ARE ARTISTIC PIECES THAT ARE QUITE EXTRAORDINARY DECORATED, SOME OF THE LOVELIEST POTTERY THAT SURVIVES FROM MESOPOTAMIA. MOST OF IT WAS FOUND IN THE NORTH AND THE WEST; IT DATES TO ABOUT THE 6TH MILLENNIUM B. C.
SINCE THIS POTTERY WAS HAND PAINTED WE CAN START TO THINK ABOUT HOW A PROFESSION DEVELOPED. SPECIFICALLY THE POTTERS PROFESSION. BUT WE’LL ALSO BE ABLE TO USE THIS AS A WAY TO EXPLORE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL HIERARCHY. SO THE HAND PAINTED POTTERY WAS PERHAPS USED BY THE HIGHER CLASS PEOPLE. BECAUSE THE CLAY ITSELF IS SO FINE AND THE DECORATION SO ARTISTIC, IT IS BELIEVED THAT IT WAS USED AND PRESERVED BY THE HIGHER SOCIETY OF PEOPLES. NOW WHO THESE HIGHER ONES WERE, DID THEY BELONG IN TEMPLES, DID THEY BELONG TO THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF PEOPLE; WERE THEY ECONOMICALLY OF A HIGHER STATUS OF OTHERS IN THE COMMUNITY, WE DO NOT KNOW.
BUT WHEN POTTERY IS RESERVED FOR CERTAIN GROUPS AND IT TAKES A LONG TIME, WE START TO CONSTRUCT A SOCIALLY HIGHER LEVEL OF SOCIETY. NOT EVERYONE HAS IT.
ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE INDUSTRY OF POTTERY MAKING IS SEEN IN THE WAY THE POTTERY IS MADE. AT THIS POINT WE DON’T KNOW WHO THE POTTERS WERE; MEN OR WOMEN, BUT WE DO KNOW THAT OTHER PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THIS COMMUNITY WERE WILLING TO PROVIDE THE NECESSITIES OF LIFE SO THESE POTTERS COULD CREATE WARE FOR THEM TO EXCHANGE. WE START TO SEE—
INCREASING ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION AROUND THE LATE HALAF PERIOD [C. 5400 B. C.]
AND A CRITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF POTTERY MAKING, THE USE OF A TOURNETTE OR A PIVOTED WORKING SURFACE.
NOW THIS IS NOT A POTTERS WHEEL THOUGH WE’LL GET TO THAT SHORTLY, BECAUSE A TOURNETTE REQUIRES THAT SOMEONE PHYSICALLY TURN THE WHEEL. THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN THAT AS TO A POTTER’S WHEEL. WHAT’S IMPORTANT IS THAT THIS CIRCULAR MOVEMENT LETS THE POTTER DECORATE THE EXTERIOR OF THE POT WHEREVER HE WANTS. AND WE SEE A SHIFT IN THE STYLE OF DECORATION FROM THE BEAUTIFUL ANIMAL DESIGNS, PERHAPS EVEN TEXTILE INSPIRED DESIGNS, TO LOTS OF GEOMETRIC DESIGNS, AND CONCENTRIC CIRCLES. WHICH IS FAR LESS EXCITING FOR US TO LOOK AT; BUT IT SHOWS THAT THERE IS AN INTEREST IN MAKING THIS CRAFT, PERHAPS HIGHER PRODUCTION OF MAKING POTTERY FOR SOME SORT OF DEMAND. PERHAPS OPENING THE PROFESSION TO THOSE WHO ARE LESS TRAINED. MAKING IT MORE AVAILABLE, TO OTHER PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY.
WE SEE THAT HALAF POTTERY COVERED MOST OF NORTH MESOPOTAMIA AND THEN IN THE MID-6TH MILLENNIUM BEGINS TO STRECH DOWN INTO SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA. WHICH IS WHERE OUR EARLIEST CITIES WILL DEVELOP.
IF WE TURN OUR ATTENTION TO THE SOUTH AND START TO LOOK AT THESE SETTLEMENT ONE OF THE FIRST QUESTIONS WE THINK OF IS ‘WHO ARE THESE PEOPLE?’ WHERE DID THEY COME FROM? THIS IS CALLED THE ‘SUMERIAN QUESTION’ AS IN ‘WHO WERE THE FIRST SUMERIANS’. REMEMBER THAT WE REFER TO SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA IN THE EARLY PART OF OUR COURSE AS SUMER.
HOW SCHOLARS TRY TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION SHOWS HOW CHALLENGING IT CAN BE TO INTERPRET PRE-HISTORIC EVIDENCE.
SCHOLARS TRY TO LOOK AT THE SUMERIAN LANGUAGE THAT DEVELOPED MUCH LATER BUT IT IS NOT RELATED TO ANY OF THE NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES FOUND AROUND IRAQ. SO THAT DOES NOT HELP US UNDERSTAND ANY MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE.
SOME OF THE NAMES OF THE OLDEST CITIES IN THE SOUTH, SUCH AS URUK, WHICH WE’LL FOCUS ON NEXT TIME, AND NIPPUR ARE NOT SUMERIAN. SO THAT INDICATED THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THEM WERE NOT USING A SUMERIAN LANGUAGE; THEY MAY HAVE BEEN OF A DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUP. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SHOWS A BASIC CONTINUITY THROUGH THE 5TH MILLENNIUM IN THE SOUTH THROUGH THE ARUK PERIOD.
SINCE WE CAN’T REALLY DISCOVER MUCH EVIDENCE FOR THE EARLIER PERIOD THIS IS REALLY THE LIMIT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE AT THE MOMENT.
AND SO I DON’T HAVE AN ANSWER FOR THE QUESTION ‘WHO WERE THE SUMERIANS?’
I’M NOT SURE IT’S POSSIBLE TO GET ONE.
SO WE HAVE TO MAKE DO WITH UNDERSTANDING THAT AT SOME POINT A GROUP OF PEOPLE MOVED INTO SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA, AND MAYBE WE WILL HAVE MORE SUCCESS IN RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST IN THINKING WHY THEY SETTLED THERE AND NOT WHO THEY WERE.
IN THE SOUTH WE TURN AGAIN FOR SOME GEOGRAPHY AND THE RICHES OF ECOLOGICAL ZONES, THAT LAY NEXT TO EACH OTHER. WE HAVE THE MARSHLANDS, WE HAVE THE DESERT; WE HAVE THE NEW ALUVIAL PLAIN.
HUNTING WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY EASY AT THE TIME SO ANY NEW ARRIVALS IN SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA, COULD BE GUARANTEED SOME ACCESS TO FOOD. AND ACTUALLY A FARELY RICH DIET. THEY WOULD KNOW THAT THERE WERE RIVERS THAT EMPTIED INTO THE GULF AND MASHLANDS SO THAT THEY COULD USE THIS FOPR WATER, IF THEY FIGURED OUT A WAY TO EXPLOIT IT SUCCESSFULLY. AND THIS EARLY SUCCESS IN PROVIDING FOOD, A SEEMING PARADISE REALLY, MAY HAVE ATTRACTED OTHER PEOPLE TO COME TO THE REGION.
SO WE START TO SEE A MOVEMENT, AN INCREASING POPULATION IN THE SOUTH.
THE PERIOD IN SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA IN THE SOUTH IS BEST UNDERSTOOD AS THE UBAI PERIOD. WHICH LASTS FROM ABOUT 6TH THOUSAND TO 4 THOUSAND B. C. AND THIS IS THE FIRST TIME TO CAN TRACE SETTLEMENTS LARGE ENOUGH TO BE TERMED VILLAGES, IN SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA.
THE UBAI PERIOS IS AS YOU WILL SPECULATE BY NOW, NAMED AFTER A POTTERY STYLE, THAT WAS DISCOVERED AT THE SITE OF TELL—al-UBAID. IT’S NEAR THE CITY OF UR [Hummmm…… CONNECTED WITH ABRAHAM IN THE BOOK OF GENESIS - Keith Hunt]— EXCAVATED BY SIR LENORD WOOLY…..
THE UBAI POTTERY ….. WE SEE A TRUE POTTERS WHEEL, ON AN AXIL WITH A WHEEL, IT CAN BE SPUN WITHOUT NEEDING TO BE CONSTANTLY TURNED; WE IDENTIFY THIS BY OVERWHELMING USE OF CONCENTRIC CICLES, TO DECORATE THE OUTSIDE OF THE POTTERY. NOW YOU REALLY NEED NO SKILL TO DECORATE A POT, WHICH IS OF COURSE THE WAY OF TECHNOLOGY.
UBAI POTTERY HAS BEEN FOUND IN IRAN AND ALSO IN NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA. SO IT SEEMS TO EXPAND OVER THE REGION WE SAW HALAF POTTERY IN THE PREVIOUS GENERATION.
OUR BEST EVIDENCE FOR THE UBAI PERIOD COMES FROM THE CITY OF ERIDU WHICH IS ONE OF THE SOUTHERN MOST CITIES. AND IT HAS ABOUT 40 FEET OF UBAI OCCUPATION THAT GEOLOGISTS HAVE EXCAVATED. SO THERE IS A VERY RICH BODY OF EVIDENCE.
LATER SUMERIAN LITERATURE CREDITS EREDU AS THE HOME OF FIRST SETTLEMENTS. IT WAS THE HOME OF THE WATER GOD ENKI, PROBABLY RIGHT AT THE EDGE OF THE MARSHES, AND PERHAPS IT WAS RECENTLY DRIED OUT BECAUSE OF A CLIMATE SHIFT AREA, SO IT REALLY COULD BE NEW LAND.
JUST AS IN THE HALOF PERIOD WE SEE SHARED POTTERY TYPES, HOUSE ARCHITECTURE. PROBABLY MOST IMPORTANT WE FIND SIMILAR TEMPLE PLANS IN DIFFERENT SITES THROUGHOUT SOUTHERN AND UP TO NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA.
THE HOUSES ARE MUCH DIFFERENT THEY ARE ABOUT 300 TO 600 FEET, THEY ARE SQUARE, AND SO THIS INDICATES THAT LARGER FAMILIES ARE LIVING TOGETHER, A MOVE FROM SMALL FAMILIES, PARENTS/CHILDREN TO MORE EXTENDED FAMILY. WHAT THIS INDICATED ABOUT THE SOCIAL SHIFT WE DON’T KNOW BUT IT’S INTERESTING TO IMAGINE. AND SEEMS TO BE A MUCH DIFFERENT CULTURE.
WE CAN IMAGINE THAT THESE LARGER HOUSE TYPES WOULD BE IMPORTANT IN ATTRACTING MORE PEOPLE TO THE AREA AND INCREASING THE SIZE OF THE VILLAGE TO EVENTUALLY BECOME A CITY. HOUSES COULD BE ENLARGED TO WHATEVER THEY NEEDED TO BE, REMEMBER THEY WERE BUILT FROM MUD BRICK AND WITH ENJOINING WALLS. SO LITTLE ROWS OF HOUSES AND STREETS, WE ARE BEGINNING TO SEE MORE LIVING TOGETHER.
TEMPLES CAN BE IDENTIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME. AND THEY LOOK JUST LIKE HOUSES, ONLY BIGGER. THEY ARE ALSO SET ON A PLATFORM, ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE REST OF THE POPULATION. THIS PLATFORM IS ABOUT 3 FEET HIGH. AND INDICATES THIS HOUSE IS MORE IMPORTANT AND IT IS RESERVED FOR THE GODS.
DURING THE UBAI PERIOD WE FIRST FIND THE EVIDENCE OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND SETTLEMENTS. AND WE’VE REFERRED TO THE FACT THAT THESE ARE ENGINEERING PROJECTS, SO THEY NEEDED MULTIPLE PEOPLE TO WORK ON IT; WE ARE STARTING TO SEE A SHIFT TO ORGANIZED LOBOR FORCE. AND SO A SHIFT TO MORE COMPLEX SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. WE DON’T HAVE A LOT OF INFORMATION ABOUT THIS, BUT AS WE TRACE THE FACTORS OF VILLAGES COMING TOGETHER WE SEE IT WOULD PRODUCE A MORE DIVERSE POPULATION.
UBAID PERIOD [C. 6000-4000 B. C.]
THESE UBAID SETTLEMENTS CAN REALLY BE BEST UNDERSTOOD AS THE SMALL VILLAGES THAT PRECEDED CITIES, THAT ESTABLISHED MANY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ORGANIZATION METHODS NEEDED TO ALLOW CITIES TO FLOURISH.
WHILE WE SEE EVIDENCE FOR A COMMON CULTURE OF SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA, WE LACK DETAILS TO HELP US UNDERSTAND WHAT THIS RELATIONSHIP WAS. ONE OF THE INSTITUTIONS WE FOCUS ON IS THE TEMPLE. WHAT THE ROLE OF THE TEMPLE WAS. AS I’VE SAID THIS IS THE LARGEST HOUSE IN THE SETTLEMENT, THERE DOESN’T SEEM TO BE ANY SIGNIFICANT HOUSE THAT COULD BE IDENTIFIED AS ‘A PALACE’ OR THE HOME OF THE LEADER OF THE CITY. SO THE HOMES ARE THE SAME, THEN THERE IS THE HOUSE OF THE GOD. THE TEMPLE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN ORGANIZING THE VILLAGE.
THE LARGE SIZE OF THE TEMPLES LETS THEM STORE GOODS CREATED BY THOSE IN THE VILLAGE. SO THIS MAY BE THE IMPORTANT WAY TO UNDERSTAND THE REDISTRIBUTION MODEL OF EXCESS GOODS, AND AN IDEA OF THE ORGANIZATION IN THE SENCE OF AUTHORITY THAT THE TEMPLES WOULD HAVE…..MORE ABOUT THE TEMPLES LATER IN THE COURSE.”
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TO BE CONTINUED
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