WE CONTINUE WITH PROFESSOR EAKIN'S LECTURE ON THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS, AND IN PARTICULAR HIS HALF HOUR ON THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE:
WITH THE RISE OF AN ANTI-SLAVE TRADE AND ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY, BEGINNING IN ENGLAND, THE TRADE WOULD GRADUALLY DECLINE UNTIL ITS EXTINCTION IN 1870. WHAT IS PERHAPS MOST STRIKING THOUGH TO THE MODERN MIND IS HOW EASILY THE EUROPEANS AND AFRICAN PEOPLES MOVE INTO THIS SLAVE TRADE, AND HOW LONG IT IS FOR ANYONE TO QUESTION ITS MORALITY.
IN THE LAST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY IN ENGLAND THE ANTI-SLAVE TRADE, ANTI-SLAVE MOVEMENT BEGINS, IN PARTICULAR AMONG ENGLISH QUAKERS, WHO IRONICALLY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY WERE SOME OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS, MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE ATLANTIC SALVE TRADE.
WITH GROWING ENGLISH PRESSURE ESPECIALLY AFTER 1800 WITH OFFICIAL BACKING OF THE ENGLISH CROWN, THE TRADE AND SLAVERY ARE GRADUALLY SQUEEZED AND ELIMINATED.
THE LAST KNOWN SLAVE SHIPMENT ARRIVED IN CUBA JANUARY OF 1870. AND BRAZIL HAS THE IGNOMINIOUS DISTINCTION BEING THE LAST COUNTRY IN THE HEMISPHERE TO ABOLISH SLAVERY, IN MAY OF 1888.
ALL THE REGIONS OF THE AMERICAS FEEL THE IMPACT OF THE SLAVE TRADE, SEVERAL REGIONS FEEL IT MORE THAN OTHERS. AND ALTHOUGH ALL REGIONS OF AFRICA, WEST AFRICA AND CENTRAL AFRICA, EAST AFRICA, PARTICIPATE IN THIS PROCESS, TWO - ONE IN CENTRAL AFRICA AND ONE IN WEST AFRICA ARE THE REAL FOCUS OF THE ACTIVITY.
THE REGION IN WEST AFRICA BECOMES THE FIRST GREAT EXPORTER OF THIS HUMAN CARGO. THIS BEGINS INITIALLY IN SENAGAMBIA WEST AFRICA, CLOSEST TO THE SAHARA, MOVES VERY QUICKLY TO WHAT TODAY IS GHANA, NIGERIA, BENIN, CAMEROON. IN THE 16TH CENTURY THIS BECOMES THE FOCUS, PORTUGAL IN PARTICULAR, ON THE COAST OF GHANA THEY CONSTRUCT THEIR TRADING SYSTEM, THEIR FORTS, AND FACTORIES AT ELMINA.
LATER IN THE 16TH CENTURY, ANGOLA, CONGO, BEGIN TO SUPPLY MANY BANTON PEOPLES TO THE AMERICAS, ESPECIALLY TO THE PLANTATIONS OF BRAZIL. AND IN EXCHANGE THE BRAZILIANS, AND PORTUGAL, SHIP SUGAR, MOLASSES, AND CANE RUM, BACK ACROSS TO ANGOLA.
IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY, MOZAMBIQUE IN EAST AFRICA BECOMES A MAJOR SUPPLIER, ESPECIALLY FOR THE BRAZILIANS. IN PART THIS IS DUE TO GROWING DEMAND, IN PART BECAUSE THE SLAVE TRADE IS BEING SQUEEZED NORTH OF THE EQUATOR.
THE LENGTH OF THE VOYAGE FROM MOZAMBIQUE TO BRAZIL IS 10 WEEKS, COMPARED TO 4 WEEKS FROM WEST AFRICA TO NORTH-WEST BRAZIL.
BRAZIL IS THE SINGLE LARGEST IMPORTER OF AFRICAN SLAVES DURING THIS ENTIRE PERIOD; PERHAPS A THIRD OF ALL THE SLAVES THAT COME ACROSS THE ATLANTIC END UP IN BRAZIL. AND UNLIKE ANY OTHER REGIONS, THE SLAVE TRADE INTO BRAZIL ACCELERATES RIGHT TO THE VERY END, WHEN IT IS SUPPRESSED WITH BRITISH PRESSURE AND BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION, THE SLAVE TRADE IN BRAZIL IS AT ITS PEAK. 50,000 AFRICANS PER YEAR, IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY WERE ENTERING BRAZIL - DOUBLE THE ANNUAL RATE OF THE 18TH CENTURY.
THE CARIBBEAN BASIN DEVOURS 50 PERCENT OF ALL THE AFRICANS BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS, INTO THE SPANISH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH POSSESSIONS. ALTHOUGH THE CARIBBEAN IS A MUCH LARGER IMPORTER THAN BRAZIL, IT IS MUCH MORE POLITICALLY AND GEOGRAPHICALLY FRAGMENTED.
LIKE BRAZIL THE DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT ON THE CARIBBEAN IS ENORMOUS. TODAY THE TWO REGIONS OF THE AMERICAS, THAT BEAR THE IMPACT OF AFRICA MOST CLEARLY ARE BRAZIL AND THE CARIBBEAN.
THE 13 COLONIES IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ABSORB POSSIBLY 6 PERCENT OF THE TRADE, MAYBE 700 TO 750 THOUSAND PEOPLE.
THE FIRST SHIPMENT OF SLAVES INTO NORTH AMERICA ON THE MAIN-LAND, ARE SPANISH MOVING INTO WHAT TODAY IS FLORIDA.
THE FIRST KNOWN SHIPMENT OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS INTO THE BRITISH TERRITORIES IS IN THE EARLY 16 HUNDREDS INTO VIRGINIA.
SO THE USA, WHAT IS THE 13 COLONIES IS A LATE COMER IN THIS PROCESS. PLANTATION SOCIETY THAT BECOMES THE USA, DOESN'T BECOME FULL FLOWER UNTIL THE 18TH CENTURY. SO SLAVERY IN WHAT BECOMES THE USA IS CONCENTRATED IN THE OLD SOUTH WHICH HAS THE DEEPEST IMPRINT OF AFRICA IN ANY REGION OF NORTH AMERICA.
BUT THE IMPRINT IN THE USA IS NO WHERE NEAR WHAT IT IS IN THE CARIBBEAN AND BRAZIL.
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TO BE CONTINUED
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