Tuesday, December 17, 2013

WHOLE TRUTH of SLAVERY in the Americas #4

WE  CONTINUE  WITH  PROFESSOR  EAKIN'S  LECTURE  ON  THE  CONQUEST  OF  THE  AMERICAS,  AND  IN  PARTICULAR  HIS  HALF  HOUR  ON  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE:

WITH  THE  RISE  OF  AN  ANTI-SLAVE  TRADE  AND  ANTI-SLAVERY  MOVEMENT  IN  THE  LATE  18TH  CENTURY,  BEGINNING  IN  ENGLAND,  THE  TRADE  WOULD  GRADUALLY  DECLINE  UNTIL  ITS  EXTINCTION  IN  1870.  WHAT  IS  PERHAPS  MOST  STRIKING  THOUGH  TO  THE  MODERN  MIND  IS  HOW  EASILY  THE  EUROPEANS  AND   AFRICAN  PEOPLES  MOVE  INTO  THIS  SLAVE  TRADE,  AND  HOW  LONG  IT  IS  FOR  ANYONE  TO  QUESTION  ITS  MORALITY.

IN  THE  LAST  HALF  OF  THE  18TH CENTURY  IN  ENGLAND  THE  ANTI-SLAVE  TRADE,  ANTI-SLAVE  MOVEMENT  BEGINS,  IN  PARTICULAR  AMONG  ENGLISH  QUAKERS,  WHO  IRONICALLY  IN  THE  FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  18TH  CENTURY  WERE  SOME  OF  THE  MAJOR  CHARACTERS,  MAJOR  PARTICIPANTS  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  SALVE  TRADE.

WITH  GROWING  ENGLISH  PRESSURE  ESPECIALLY  AFTER  1800  WITH  OFFICIAL  BACKING  OF  THE  ENGLISH  CROWN,  THE  TRADE  AND  SLAVERY  ARE  GRADUALLY  SQUEEZED  AND  ELIMINATED.

THE  LAST  KNOWN  SLAVE  SHIPMENT  ARRIVED  IN  CUBA  JANUARY  OF  1870.  AND  BRAZIL  HAS  THE  IGNOMINIOUS  DISTINCTION  BEING  THE  LAST  COUNTRY  IN  THE  HEMISPHERE  TO  ABOLISH  SLAVERY,  IN  MAY  OF  1888.

ALL  THE  REGIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAS  FEEL  THE  IMPACT  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE,  SEVERAL  REGIONS  FEEL  IT  MORE  THAN  OTHERS.  AND  ALTHOUGH  ALL  REGIONS  OF  AFRICA,  WEST  AFRICA  AND  CENTRAL  AFRICA,  EAST  AFRICA,  PARTICIPATE  IN  THIS  PROCESS,  TWO  -  ONE  IN  CENTRAL  AFRICA  AND  ONE  IN  WEST  AFRICA  ARE  THE  REAL  FOCUS  OF  THE  ACTIVITY. 

THE  REGION  IN  WEST  AFRICA  BECOMES  THE  FIRST  GREAT  EXPORTER  OF  THIS  HUMAN  CARGO.  THIS  BEGINS  INITIALLY  IN  SENAGAMBIA  WEST  AFRICA,  CLOSEST  TO  THE  SAHARA,  MOVES  VERY  QUICKLY  TO  WHAT  TODAY  IS  GHANA,  NIGERIA,  BENIN,  CAMEROON.  IN  THE  16TH  CENTURY  THIS  BECOMES  THE  FOCUS,  PORTUGAL  IN  PARTICULAR,  ON  THE  COAST  OF  GHANA  THEY  CONSTRUCT  THEIR  TRADING  SYSTEM,  THEIR  FORTS,  AND  FACTORIES  AT  ELMINA.

LATER  IN  THE  16TH  CENTURY,  ANGOLA,  CONGO,  BEGIN  TO  SUPPLY  MANY  BANTON  PEOPLES  TO  THE  AMERICAS,  ESPECIALLY  TO  THE  PLANTATIONS  OF  BRAZIL.  AND  IN  EXCHANGE  THE  BRAZILIANS,  AND  PORTUGAL,  SHIP  SUGAR,  MOLASSES,  AND  CANE  RUM,  BACK  ACROSS  TO  ANGOLA.

IN  THE  LATE  18TH  CENTURY,  MOZAMBIQUE  IN  EAST  AFRICA  BECOMES  A  MAJOR  SUPPLIER,  ESPECIALLY  FOR  THE  BRAZILIANS.  IN  PART  THIS  IS  DUE  TO  GROWING  DEMAND,  IN  PART  BECAUSE  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  IS  BEING  SQUEEZED  NORTH  OF  THE  EQUATOR.

THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  VOYAGE  FROM  MOZAMBIQUE  TO  BRAZIL  IS  10  WEEKS,  COMPARED  TO  4  WEEKS  FROM  WEST  AFRICA  TO  NORTH-WEST  BRAZIL.

BRAZIL  IS  THE  SINGLE  LARGEST  IMPORTER  OF  AFRICAN  SLAVES  DURING  THIS  ENTIRE  PERIOD;  PERHAPS  A  THIRD  OF  ALL  THE  SLAVES  THAT  COME  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC  END  UP  IN  BRAZIL.  AND  UNLIKE  ANY  OTHER  REGIONS,  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  INTO  BRAZIL  ACCELERATES  RIGHT  TO  THE  VERY  END,  WHEN  IT  IS  SUPPRESSED  WITH  BRITISH  PRESSURE  AND  BRAZILIAN  LEGISLATION,  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  IN  BRAZIL  IS  AT  ITS  PEAK.  50,000  AFRICANS PER  YEAR,  IN  THE  FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  19TH  CENTURY  WERE  ENTERING  BRAZIL  -  DOUBLE  THE  ANNUAL  RATE  OF  THE  18TH  CENTURY.

THE  CARIBBEAN  BASIN  DEVOURS  50  PERCENT  OF  ALL  THE  AFRICANS  BROUGHT  TO  THE  AMERICAS,  INTO  THE  SPANISH,  ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  AND  DUTCH  POSSESSIONS.  ALTHOUGH  THE  CARIBBEAN  IS  A  MUCH  LARGER  IMPORTER  THAN  BRAZIL,  IT  IS  MUCH  MORE  POLITICALLY  AND  GEOGRAPHICALLY  FRAGMENTED.

LIKE  BRAZIL  THE  DEMOGRAPHIC  IMPACT  ON  THE  CARIBBEAN  IS  ENORMOUS.  TODAY  THE  TWO  REGIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAS,  THAT  BEAR  THE  IMPACT  OF  AFRICA  MOST  CLEARLY  ARE  BRAZIL  AND  THE  CARIBBEAN.

THE  13  COLONIES  IN  BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICA  ABSORB  POSSIBLY  6  PERCENT  OF  THE  TRADE,  MAYBE  700  TO  750  THOUSAND  PEOPLE.

THE  FIRST  SHIPMENT  OF  SLAVES  INTO  NORTH  AMERICA  ON  THE  MAIN-LAND,  ARE  SPANISH  MOVING  INTO  WHAT  TODAY  IS  FLORIDA. 

THE  FIRST  KNOWN  SHIPMENT  OF  ENSLAVED  AFRICANS  INTO  THE  BRITISH  TERRITORIES  IS  IN  THE  EARLY  16  HUNDREDS  INTO  VIRGINIA.  

SO  THE  USA,  WHAT  IS  THE  13  COLONIES  IS  A  LATE  COMER  IN  THIS  PROCESS.  PLANTATION  SOCIETY  THAT  BECOMES  THE  USA,  DOESN'T  BECOME  FULL  FLOWER  UNTIL  THE  18TH  CENTURY.  SO  SLAVERY  IN  WHAT  BECOMES  THE  USA  IS  CONCENTRATED  IN  THE  OLD  SOUTH  WHICH  HAS  THE  DEEPEST  IMPRINT  OF  AFRICA  IN  ANY  REGION  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.

BUT  THE  IMPRINT  IN  THE  USA  IS  NO  WHERE  NEAR  WHAT  IT  IS  IN  THE  CARIBBEAN  AND  BRAZIL.
..........

TO  BE  CONTINUED


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