CONTINUING WITH THE LECTURE FROM PROFESSOR EAKIN:
NOW LAS CASAS WAS PART OF A GROUP OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN AND WOMEN, THEY WERE THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS PEOPLE. THESE PRIEST AND NUNS MOVE OUT ACROSS THE AMERICAS IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES. THEY GO TO BRING THE WORD OF THEIR GOD TO NATIVE AMERICANS AND TO AFRICANS.
THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CLERGY IN THE PROCESS, USUALLY CALLED "SECULAR CLERGY" AND REGULAR CLERGY."
ALL OF THE CLERGY WENT THROUGH SEMINARS; THEY WERE TRAINED, THEN ORDAINED, TAKING VOWS OF POVERTY, CHASTITY, AND OBEDIENCE.
MOST OF THE CLERGY GO THROUGH SEMINARS AND BECOME KNOWN AS SECULAR CLERGY. THE REGULAR CLERGY COMES FROM THE WORD "REGULA" - TO REGULATE YOUR LIFE, AND ARE THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS, BOTH MALE AND FEMALE.
THEY RECEIVE TRAINING IN SPECIAL SEMINARIES RUN BY THESE ORDERS. THEY TAKE VOWS OF POVERTY, CHASTITY, AND OBEDIENCE; THEN ANOTHER VOW OF THE OBEDIENCE TO THE ORDER.
SO IN A SENSE THEY HAVE A DUAL LOYALTY, BOTH TO THE POPE AND TO THE RELIGIOUS ORDER IN THE CHURCH. THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE ORDERS IN LATIN AMERICA, IN THE PROCESS AND CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION, IS THE SO-CALLED "MENDICANT" ORDER. IT MEANS "EMULATING CHRIST." THEY TAKE UP A LIFE OF WANDERING, DEPENDING ON THE GIFTS OF THOSE TO WHOM THEY PREACH, AND BRING THE WORD OF GOD, IN PARTICULAR TO THE MASSES OF THE PEOPLE.
THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE PRIESTS, FROM MY PERSPECTIVE ARE: THE DOMINICANS, FRANCISCANS, THE JESUITS.
THE FRANCISCANS DATE THEIR FOUNDATION TO THE MIDDLE AGES, AND TO THEIR FOUNDING FATHER ST. FRANCIS. A GROUP OF 12 FRANCISCANS - NORMALLY WHAT HAPPENS IN THESE CASES IS THEY CONSCIENTIOUSLY SEND OUT A GROUP OF 12 TO EMULATE CHRIST'S DISCIPLES. 12 FRANCISCANS ARRIVE IN MEXICO IN 1524, AND SHORTLY THEREAFTER IN 1526 A GROUP OF DOMINICANS.
BY MID-CENTURY, THE MID 16TH CENTURY THERE ARE PROBABLY ABOUT 800 PRIESTS AND NUNS THROUGHOUT NEW SPAIN.
NOW, WHATEVER ONE THINKS OF THEIR THEOLOGY OR THEIR METHODS, THESE CLERGY SPREAD THE GOSPEL UNDER SOME OF THE MOST EXTRA-ORDINARY CONDITIONS IMAGINABLE. NEVER NUMBERING MORE THAN A FEW THOUSAND AT THEIR PEAK ACROSS LATIN AMERICA, THEY MOVE AMONG A SEA OF INDIANS AND AFRICANS.
THEIR STRATEGY IS TO FIRST BAPTIZE, AND THEN TO EDUCATE THE NEW CONVERTS IN THE WORD AND WAYS OF CHRISTIANITY; THIS LED TO UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, INCLUDING CULTURAL BLENDING, AND ENORMOUS MISUNDERSTANDINGS. IN MANY WAYS THESE PRIESTS ARE THE FIRST ANTHROPOLOGISTS IN THE AMERICAS.
THEY LEARN THE INDIAN LANGUAGE; AT TIMES THEY LEARN THEM SO WELL THAT THEY CREATE DICTIONARIES, GRAMMARS, AND FOR THE FIRST TIME PROVIDE A WRITTEN VERSION OF THE LANGUAGES. FOR EXAMPLE THE LANGUAGE OF THE AZTEX IS GIVEN A ROMAN ALPHABET, AND THEN THIS WRITTEN LANGUAGE IS TAUGHT TO THE INDIAN ELITE IN SCHOOLS. SOME OF THE MOST VALUABLE DOCUMENTS WE HAVE TODAY FRO THE STUDY OF COLONIAL MEXICO, ARE WRITTEN DOWN IN INDIAN COMMUNITIES IN THE LANGUAGE OF "NARAWADEL." ONE FRANCISCAN BERNARDINA de SAHAGUN, SPENDS HIS ENTIRE LIFE MASSING EVERY PIECE OF INFORMATION HE CAN, WRITTEN DURING ORAL INTERVIEWS. HE PUTS THIS TOGETHER IN A MASSIVE 12 VOLUME ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AZTEC LIFE AND CULTURE IN NARAWADEL, SPANISH, AND LATIN, SIDE BY SIDE.
IN THE EARLY 16TH CENTURY SAHAGUN IS ABLE TO INTERVIEW THE SURVIVORS OF THE CONQUEST, TO GET AT LIFE BEFORE THE SPANISH. AND I QUOTED REPEATEDLY FROM HIS TEXT TODAY KNOWN AS "THE FLORENTINE CODEX" (1576-77). IT IS ONE OF THE MONUMENTAL SOURCES OF THE STUDY OF AZTEC SOCIETY BEFORE THE CONQUEST.
DIEGO de LANDA (1524-1579) BISHOP OF UKATAN IS ANOTHER FRANCISCAN WHO PRODUCES A SIMILAR WORK, BUT ON THE MAYA. AND THERE ARE OTHER VERY IMPORTANT EXAMPLES OF THIS.
WE HAVE TO REMEMBER THE REASON THEY ARE DOING THIS, THE REASON THEY CAREFULLY AND CONSCIENTIOUSLY DO THIS, COLLECTIONS OF THIS INFORMATION IS SO THEY CAN COMPLETELY UNDERSTAND THE MENTALITY OF THE INDIANS, SO THEY CAN MORE EFFECTIVELY CONVERT THEM, AND THEN TURN THEM INTO EUROPEANS AND CHRISTIANS.
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TO BE CONTINUED
really nice post.
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