THROUGH THE BIBLE— Psalms - Understanding Them
A strange mixture of emotions is contained in this book. Here's why
Written and Compiled
by
Keith Hunt
Have you had trouble sometimes reading the book of Psalms?
Well if you have, you may take comfort in knowing that you have
not been alone.
One person who had trouble reading and understanding the
book of Psalms was a Christian book writer by the name of Philip
Yancey. In his book "the Bible Jesus Read" he has a whole
section devoted to this trouble with Psalms and how for years he
avoided the book, then tried to understand it from the
perspective of some modern "theology" and when that did not work,
avoiding it again. Finally, he did come to see how we should
basically understand and read the book of Psalms.
So enlightening, and so as to what I believe is the truth of
the matter, has Yancey written on this subject, I must present
much of what he expounds on this often troublesome book, to all
who may be studying the Bible with the help of this Website.
Philip Yancey starts by saying, quote, " I have a
confession to make. For years I avoided the book of
Psalms.....hard as I tried, I could never get excited about
actually reading Psalms. People around me used the book as a
spiritual medicine cabinet - ' If you feel depressed, read Psalms
37; if your health fails, try Psalms 121' - an approach that
never worked for me. With uncanny consistency I would land on a
psalm that aggravated, rather than cured, my problem.....reading
the book frustrated, rather than inspired me. More than anything,
I felt confused while reading Psalms, especially because
I had committed to ten in a row. Individual Psalms seemed to
CONTRADICT each other violently: psalms of bleak despair abutted
psalms of soaring joy, as if the scribes had arranged them with a
mockingly Hegelian sense of humor.
The first day, for example, my spirits soared as I read
Psalm 8......The next psalm continued in the same spirit,
praising God for his eternal reign, his fairness in judging the
world, his mercy to the oppressed, his trustworthiness. The
suddenly with Psalm 10 the mood abruptly shifted. Just before
ending my meditations I encountered these jarring words:
Why, O Lord, do you stand far off?
Why do you hide yourself in times of troubles?
.............Every day I faced this same pattern of glaring
contradictions. Instead of beginning the day with devotional
peace, I felt swept along on an emotional roller-coaster,
plummeting to the depths of despair and soaring to heights of
praise all in the same one-hour period.......
After a week of this practice, I ran into yet another
problem. The psalms started to sound boring and repetitious. Why,
I wondered, did the Bible need 150 psalms? Wouldn't fifteen
suffice to cover the basic content? I struggled through my ten
psalms every day but left Breckenridge with an even worse
attitude towards Psalms. My experiment had failed. In guiltridden
evangelical fashion, I blamed myself, not the Bible, for the
failure......
As a result, for years I simply avoided the book. You can
find a psalm that says anything, I reasoned. Matter of fact, you
can find a dozen psalms that say the very same thing. Why bother
with them? "
End of quote. All emphasis in capitals is mine throughout.
Now, you may have felt exactly the same way. but if not, you
have got to admit Philip Yancey is being bold and up-front with
us, opening up his heart to us, in telling his readers that that
was the way he felt about the book of Psalms. It just did not add
up or make much sense to him, and was very repetitive, hence to
him very boring.
Not to leave his readers shocked beyond belief by his
thoughts on the book of Psalms, Yancey immediately goes on to
say, quote, " I now realize how impoverished was that view.....I
had MISSED the MAIN point, which is that the book of Psalms
comprises a sampling of spiritual journals, much like personal
letters to God.....I must read them as an 'OVER-THE-SHOULDER'
reader, since the intended audience was NOT OTHER people, but
GOD. Even the Psalms as public use were designed as corporate
prayers......
These, however, are not pronouncements from on high,
delivered with full apostolic authority, on matters of faith and
practice. They are VERY PERSONAL PRAYERS in the form of poetry,
written by a VARIETY of people - peasants, kings, professional
musicians, rank amateurs - in WILDLY FLUCTUATING MOODS....."
End of quote.
I want you to re-read all that again. Do you see the basic
key that Yancey is trying to get across here?
Psalms are not so much divine "doctrine" theology from God
(although many truths and divine theology is contained in them)
to us mortals, BUT, mortals praying to God in private personal
prayers, put to poetry, that often just pour out much mortal
emotions, under a specific situation in that point and time of
that mortals life.
We are as Philip Yancey came to see, looking over the
shoulder of mortal people, talking to God, with many mortal
emotions being shown, depending on the circumstance that that
mortal person was in at the time when they needed to utter those
poetic prayers to God.
Hence, some of human frustrations, groanings,
disappointments, bewilderments, doubts, fears, and even anger (as
well as the emotions of joy, peace, thankfulness, praise
etc.), were sounded out towards God. Kind of using God as a
sounding board at times, to just "get it off our chest" as the
saying goes.
Philip Yancey puts it this way, quote, " Psalms gives
examples of 'ordinary' people STRUGGLING mightily to align what
they believed about God with what they ACTUALLY EXPERIENCE.
Sometimes the authors are vindictive, sometimes self-righteous,
sometimes paranoid, sometimes petty." End quote.
We as Christians know God is LOVE, we know He is JUST, FAIR,
KIND, and all that is proper and good, all that is wholesome and
righteous. But, often in this physical Christian walk, troubles,
pain, sorrow, disappointments, frustrations, sickness, hardships,
come our way. Even mental or emotional, and sometimes physical,
persecutions come upon us, from many different people, who desire
to become our enemies, and fight us in different way. Christians
do have accidents, do get injured, do loose jobs, have loved
ones face and get into all kinds of trials and troubles.
Then of course, Christians have many times of "everything
goin' just fine" and times of healing from sickness, job problems
being solved, protection from accidents,
deliverance from enemies, and blessing by the cart load.
This is the physical life we are in, ups and downs, blessing
and troubles. Some have more of this and some more of that.
Sometimes it seems it is the way the cards are dealt out, and we
may have "Well, why this Lord?" and "Well, why that Lord?" and "I
just don't understand if you are love, why this is happening to
me."
Whatever the seeming blessings or curses that come our way,
whatever the miracles or lack of them, whatever the joys or the
frustrations, whatever the questions of the whys of anything, and
whatever the thankfulness and praise we feel at times, it can
all be manifest in our emotions of heart and mind. Then if we
want to openly talk to God about it all, just letting it all out,
bad, good, and inbetween, it will come out in prayers to God,
some we may write down in the form of poetry.
Often, when letting it all hang out (if we are being
frustrated, disappointed, angry, bewildered) we are hoping that
in getting it all off our chest to God, that the answers will
come....sometimes they do indeed.
David at one point in his life was frustrated, confused, and
even angry, when looking at some of the evil people in the world,
and seeing how PHYSICALLY WEALTHY they were, a bunch of filthy
rich evil sinners. He cried out to God in a poetic prayer about
it all. For a while just let God known how he felt about this
fact of life, and you get a clear feeling he was disappointed
with God that the Lord should allow some evil people to be
physically blessed in this life.
Then the answer came to him. It came to him it would seem
during his bewildered and frustrated out cry to God concerning
what he thought was "not proper justice" that evil people should
be physically so blessed. The answer was given to him. The evil
ones in this lifetime that have been blessed physically, will one
day have no blessing. They and their material blessings will be
gone....forever, but the child of God who remains true and
faithful, and who may not have had such material blessing in this
lifetime, as some of the evil ones, will have eternal life in the
future, with blessings that cannot be compared to anything
physical on this earth.
When we look over the shoulder so to speak, of those who
wrote and said the psalms to God, when we take into account the
context of the situation of why they were saying those words to
the Lord, when we take into account the human emotions just let
loose at times, in those prayers, then we can better begin to
start to understand the book of Psalms.
So none would mis-understand, Philip Yancey went on to say,
quote, " Do not misunderstand me: I do not believe Psalms to be
any LESS valuable, or LESS inspired, than Paul's letters or the
Gospels. Never the less, the Psalms do use an inherently
DIFFERENT approach, not so much as representing God TO THE PEOPLE
as THE PEOPLE representing THEMSELVES to God. Yes, Psalms belongs
as part of God's Word, but in the same way Job or Ecclesiastes
belongs. We read the speeches of Job's friends - accurate records
of misguided thinking - in a different way than we read the
Sermon on the Mount........Understanding this DISTINCTION changed
the way I read Psalms......
Now, as I read them, I begin by trying to project myself
back into the minds of those authors.....Could I pray these
prayers? I ask myself. Have I felt this parculiar anguish? This
outburst of praise? Then I proceed to think through situations
in which I might pray the psalm in front of me. Facing
temptation, celebrating a success, harboring a grudge, suffering
an injustice - under what circumstances would this psalm best
apply in my life?...." End quote.
Ah, yes, to understand the Psalms we must take them one by
one, putting them each in their own context of life as the writer
was or had experienced at the time of their writing of the
prayer. This book of Psalms is a collection of prayers, prayed
under different situations, many situations that this physical
life can throw at us. Some good times, some bad times, some
frustrating times, some bewildered times, some times of
strength given, some times of deliverance found.....just whatever
times may come upon us. And that includes times when we study
God's word and proclaim the truth found in it. Some of the psalms
are utterances of some of the "theological" divine truths of the
Lord, such as the ones speaking about the first and second
comings of the Messiah to this earth, and what was to take place
on His first advent, and is to take place on His second advent.
Some of the Psalms then have "prophetic" parts to them, some
are re-emphasis on the sure promises of God, that He will perform
on the righteous and the sinners. So there is some divine
theology within the Psalms, but for the most part, they are as
Yancey says, the prayers of individuals, in various moods of
emotions, towards God, and we are looking over their shoulder as
they let it all hang out with God.
We must not take any one of the psalms and lift it from its
whole context of the other psalms or the context of the whole
Bible. To do that will surely lead us into many false ideas,
thoughts, and false teaching of theology. To illustrate this
danger, of isolating psalms from the rest of the book or from the
Bible, Philip Yancey gives this example using Psalm 91.
" Any one of the psalms, WRENCHED from the rest of the book,
MAY MISLEAD. In a thoughtful reflection on Psalm 91 published in
Christianity Today, author Neal Plantinga considers its beautiful
image of God's protection. 'He will cover you with his feathers,
and under his wings you will find refuge.....If you make the Most
High your dwelling - even the Lord, who is my refuge - then no
harm will befall you....' Oh? Plantinga muses. What about
Christians arrested by the Nazis in World War 2, or by hostile
Muslim governments today? How must that psalm sound as they read
it on the eve of execution? The psalms' sweeping promises of
safety seem patently untrue.
Plantinga recalls that Satan himself quoted from this psalm,
jerking it out of CONTEXT, in an attempt to get Jesus to jump
from a high place. Jesus rebuked him with ANOTHER passage of
Scripture. Says Plantinga:
' What Psalm 91 does is express ONE - one of the loveliest,
one of the most treasured - but just ONE of the MOODS of
faith. It's a mood of exuberant confidence in the sheltering
providence of God. Probably the psalmist HAD BEEN
PROTECTED by God in SOME DANGEROUS INCIDENT, and he is
CELEBRATING.
On OTHER DAYS, and in OTHER MOODS - in other and darker
seasons of his life - the same psalmist might have called to
God out of DESPAIR and a sense of ABANDONMENT. (Here
Plantinga cites Jesus' cry of Psalm 22 from the cross).
Psalm 91 gives us ONLY PART of the picture and only ONE of
the moods of faith.
With a kind of quiet amazement, the psalmist bears witness
that under the wings of God GOOD THINGS happen to BAD
people. You need ANOTHER psalm or two to fill in the
picture, to cry out that under those same wings BAD THINGS
sometimes happen to GOOD people.'
.......The first and greatest commandment is to love the
Lord our God with all out hearts and all our souls and all our
minds......Psalms reveals what a heartfelt, soul-starved,
single-minded relationship with God looks like. " End quote.
Psalm 91 cannot and must not be taken out of the context of
the book of Psalms nor especially out of the context of the
entire Bible. The truth of the whole Bible bears witness to the
fact that God does not ALWAYS protect His children with some
miraculous intervention to save them from physical hurt or even
death. The famous "faith" chapter of the book of Hebrews (chapter
11) proves that point beyond any doubt. Some of God's
people have suffered to the point of death. And the book of
Revelation says that before it is all over and Christ returns in
power and glory, many true Christians will yet suffer (even death
once more) at the hands of Satanic forces.
God CAN and WILL protect, but He chooses WHEN and to WHOM
that protection will be given. Psalm 91 is not a teaching of a
promise of 100% protection by God towards ALL His children under
ALL situations throughout life. Of course it cannot be, for such
a protection from physical harm has never been an absolute
promise, fulfilled absolutely, on God's children, from the time
of Adam to this very day. The great apostle Paul was surely not
given divine physical protection all the time during his
ministry. He clearly states in his epistles some of the physical
things he suffered at the hands of men. He was finally killed by
the hands of men, history says his head was removed by the sword.
And that same traditional history says the apostle Peter was
crucified upside-down.
As Neal Plantinga has pointed out above, the psalmist must
have indeed in his life situation, at least in one circumstance,
found himself being given divine miraculous life saving
protection, even with a thousand falling at his right hand, and
so was so thankful and so amazed at what God COULD DO (if He
decided to do) that he praised the Lord with a prayer of thanks.
And in so doing reminded us that God can protect and save our
physical life, that such is possible for God. But such is not
always what God does for His people, as the rest of the Psalms
and Bible show us.
To try to use this Psalm 91 in any other way, and take vain,
careless, foolish, or blind faith (actually could be arrogant
unscriptural faith) actions with our lives, is indeed "tempting
the Lord." Satan wanted Christ to use this blind faith (quoting
from this psalm 91), and Jesus soon quoted another verse of
Scripture that says, "You shall not tempt the Lord your God."
It is wise to remember that some psalms or parts of them are
prayers of people in various states of emotional situations based
upon what is or has happened to them, in a particular
circumstance, at some particular point in their life, and they
are letting it all hang out with God, be it good emotions or
sometimes not so good emotions. They may be stating some
theological truths of the Lord, they may be praising the Lord for
some good that has come upon them, or they may be full of
anguish, disappointment, frustration, anger, bewilderment, and
they are looking for answer to it all from God.
The Psalms are the people of God in the raw. It is wonderful
to know that we can be in the raw in our prayers with our Father
in heaven, who knows our frame, and knows we are flesh.
To keep all this in mind, will greatly help us to correctly
read and understand the book of Psalms.
....................................
Written September 2001
To be continued
Psalms - Understanding Them #2
From the book "The Bible Jesus Read" by Philip Yancey
For the rest of this study I shall leave the majority as to
what is said to Philip Yancey. All emphasis in capital letters
is mine.
Quote:
MESSY AND DISTORTED, LIKE LIFE
....At a basic level, the psalms help me reconcile what I
believe about life with what I actually encounter in
life......Why have more Christians died for their faith in this
century than in all others combined?
God is good? Why did my father, a young man with unlimited
potential as a missionary, die before reaching the age of thirty?
Why did all those Jews and Christians die unjustly in the
Holocaust? Why is the most religious portion of our population,
inner-city African-Americans, the most poverty-stricken and
hopeless?....
What of the Christians in Sudan or Mozambique, though? How
can they thank God while dying for want of food?
If reading the last three paragraphs has made you slightly
uncomfortable, perhaps you should read Psalms again. It contains
the ANGUISHED journals of people who want to believe in a loving,
gracious, faithful God while the world keeps FALLING APART
around them......
Why should David, anointed by God to be king, spend a decade
hiding out in caves and dodging the spears of Saul, whom God had
ordered to step down. How can God's people feel thankful when
there seems so little to feel thankful about?
Many psalms show their authors fiercely struggling with such
questions......
Psalm 62 boldly, without explanation, insists on two facts
that Job could never put together: 'that you, O God, are strong,
and that you, O Lord, are loving.' Sometimes, however, the poets
cannot make sense of what they see, and the psalmists end up
sounding exactly like Job:
' I am worn out calling for help; my throat is parched. My
eyes fail, looking for my God' (69:3).
At this point the seemingly random ordering of the 150
psalms comes into play, for the SEESAW cycle of INTIMACY and
ABANDONMENT is, in fact, what MOST people experience in their
relationship with God.....
Psalm 23, that shepherd song of sweeping promise and
consummate comfort, follows on the heels of Psalm 22, which opens
with the words Jesus cried from the cross, 'My God, my God, why
have you forsaken me?' The two psalms, both attributed to David,
could hardly form a more glaring CONTRAST. True, David does find
some sort of resolution in Psalm 22, by looking ahead to a future
time when God will rule over the nations and the poor will eat
their fill. But he makes clear how he feels at the moment of
writing" 'I cry out by day, but you do not answer....I am a worm
and not a man....Roaring lions tearing their prey open their
mouths wide against me....all my bones are out of joint....my
tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth.' Such sentiments seem from
ANOTHER PLANET when you turn the page and read, 'The Lord is my
shepherd, I shall not be in want....Surely goodness and love will
follow me all the days of my life.'
A similar DISCORD marks Psalm 102 and 103. The first
(subtitled ' A prayer of an afflicted man. When he is faint and
pours out his lament before the Lord.') eloquently expresses the
DESPAIR of an aging, weakened man who feels ABANDONED by all
friends and by GOD. It reads like a catalog of PAIN scratched out
by a hospital patient in a febrile state. The NEXT psalm,
however, a majestic hymn of PRAISE, includes NOT ONE note from
the MINOR key.......
I have learned to appreciate Psalms precisely because it
does encompass BOTH points of view, often adjoined with no
calming transition. 'Praise the Lord, O my soul, and forget not
his benefits,' says Psalm 103. The author of its nearest neighbor
is DESPERATELY trying to RECALL God's benefits, no easy task in
his condition, bones burning like glowing embers, on a diet of
ashes and tears.
I, for one, am glad my Bible includes both kinds of psalms.
A time may come when I feel like the author of Psalm 22 or 102,
and when that time comes I will take comfort in the fact that
spiritual giants - most notably, Jesus himself - have felt that
way too. And although I may groan and cry out and resist the
trial that entangles me in its net, I will also try to recall the
tranquil message of Psalm 23 and 103. By itself, Psalm 23 leads
to an easy-answer faith; by itself Psalm 22 leads to spiritual
despair; TOGETHER, the two offer a bracing mixture of REALISM and
HOPE.
I have come to see these psalms as calling for different
KINDS of faith. Psalm 23 models CHILDLIKE faith, and Psalm 22
models FIDELITY, a deeper, more mysterious kind of faith. Life
with God may include BOTH.
We may experience times of unusual closeness, when prayers
are answered in an OBVIOUS way and God seems INTIMATE and
CARING. We may also experience DARK times, when God stays SILENT,
when nothing works according to formula and all the Bible's
PROMISES seem GLARINGLY false. Fidelity involves learning to
TRUST that, out BEYOND the perimeter of DARKNESS, God still
REIGNS and has NOT abandoned us, no matter how it MAY appear.
The 150 psalms are as DIFFICULT, DISORDERED, and MESSY as
life itself, a fact that can bring unexpected comfort. Kathleen
Norris describes in THE CLOISTER WALK how she has learned to
bring the psalms into her current situation by 'praying the
news' :
' Psalm 74's lament on the violation of sacred space.....has
become for me a prayer for the victims and perpetrators of
domestic violence.....Hearing Psalm 79.....as I read of the
civil war in the Balkans forces me to reflect on the evil
that tribalism and violence, often justified by religion,
continue to inflict on our world.....The psalms mirror our
world but do not allow us to become voyeurs. In a nation
unwilling to look at its own violence, they force us to
recognize our part in it. They make us re-examine our
values.'
Here is what Psalms can do for a person in DISTRESS. In
1977, at the height of the Cold War, Anatoly Shcharansky, a
brilliant young mathematician and chess player, was arrested by
the KGB for his repeated attempts to emigrate to Israel. He spent
thirteen years inside the Soviet Gulag. From morning to evening
Shcharansky read and studied all 150 psalms (in Hebrew). 'What
does this give me?' he asked in a letter: 'Gradually, my feeling
of great loss and sorrow changed to one of bright hopes.'
Shcharansky so cherished his book of Psalms, in fact, that
when the guards took it away from him, he lay in the snow,
refusing to move, until they returned it.
During those thirteen years, his wife travelled around the
world campaigning for his release. Accepting an honorary degree
on his behalf, she told the university audience, 'In a lonely
cell in Chistopol prison, locked alone with the Psalms of David,
Anatoly found expression for his innermost feelings in the
outpourings of the King of Israel thousands of years ago.'
SOUL THERAPY
The psalms give me a model of spiritual therapy. I once
wrote a book titled DISAPPOINTMENT WITH GOD, and my publishers
initially worried over the title......It seemed faintly heretical
to introduce a book with a negative title.....
I the process of writing the book, however, I found that the
Bible includes detailed accounts of people sorely DISAPPOINTED
with God - to put it mildly. Not only Job and Moses have it out
with God; so do Habakkuk, Jeremiah, and many of the unnamed
psalmists. Some psalms merit titles like 'Furious with God,'
'Betrayed by God,' 'Abandoned by God.' 'In despair with God.'
Consider a few lines from Psalm 89:
'How long, O Lord? Will you hide yourself forever?
How long will your wrath burn like fire?
For what futility you have created men?'
O these sentiments from Psalm 88:
'Why, O Lord, do you reject me
and hide your face from me?....
the darkness is my closest friend.'
It may seem strange for sacred writings to include such
scenes of spiritual failure, but actually their inclusion
reflects an important principle of therapy......
Kathleen Norris writes of a Catholic sister who counsels
troubled women - displaced homemakers, abused wives, women
returning to college after years away - and finds that Psalms
offers a helpful pattern of expressing rage that the church often
tries to repress. 'Bear it up; keep smiling; suffering makes you
strong,' say some spiritual advisors - but not the psalmists
.......rather, they express emotions vividly and loudly,
directing their feelings primarily at God.
The 150 psalms present a mosaic of spiritual therapy in
progress. Doubt, paranoia, giddiness, meanness, delight hatred.
Such stewings of emotions, which I once saw as hopeless disarray,
I now see as a sign of health.
From Psalms I have learned that I can rightfully bring to
God WHATEVER I feel about him. I need not paper over my failures
and try to clean up my own rottenness; far better to bring those
weaknesses to God, who alone has the power to heal.
No psalm demonstrates healing power better than Psalm 51,
credited to David after his sordid affair with Bathsheba (see 2
Samuel 11 and 12)......
Walter Brueggemann has coined the term 'psalms of
disorientation' to describe those psalms that express confusion,
confession, and doubt.
Typically, the writer begins by begging God to rescue him
from his desperate straits. He may weave poetic images of how he
has been wronged, appeal to God's sense of justice, even taunt
God: 'What good can I do you when I'm dead? How can I praise you
there?' The very act of venting these feelings allows the author
to attain a better perspective. He reflects on better times,
remembers answered prayers of the past, concedes favors that he
may have overlooked. By the end of the psalm, he moves towards
praise and thanksgiving. He feels heard and cleansed. The psalm,
or prayer, works out the transformation.
Psalm 71 gives an example of how this 'spiritual reality
therapy' may work. The stanzas move from URGENT PLEAS for God's
HELP to tentative DECLARATIONS OF FAITH to NEW FEARS for the
future. By the END the poet is praising God for his FAITHFULNESS.
Forced memory, of God's MIRACLES for Israel and God's PAST
INTIMACY in his own life, has put to rest, for the present, some
of the poet's fundamental DOUBTS.
Many psalms convey this spirit of 'Lord, I believe, help my
unbelief,' a way of talking oneself into FAITH when EMOTIONS are
WAVERING.
The odd mixture of psalms of CURSING, psalms of PRAISE, and
psalms of CONFESSION no longer jars me as it once did. Instead, I
am continually amazed by the spiritual wholeness of the Hebrew
poets, who sought to INCLUDE GOD in EVERY area of life by
bringing to God EVERY EMOTION experienced in DAILY activity. One
need not 'dress up' or 'put on a face' to meet God/ There are no
walled-off areas; God can be TRUSTED with REALITY.
For the Hebrew poets, God represented a reality MORE SOLID
than their own WHIPSAW EMOTIONS or the checkered history of their
people. They WRESTLED with God over EVERY FACET of their lives,
and in the end it was the very act of wrestling that proved their
FAITH......
I have a friend, Harold Fickett, who retires for days at a
time to a nearby monastery. Many monastic orders recite the
psalms aloud morning, noon, and evening......Reflecting on this
time with the monks, Harold wrote that:
The Psalms supply me with the words that I need and
sometimes want to say to my God. Words that celebrate his
reality: 'The heavens declare the glory of God.' Words
that confess his action in my life: 'You have turned my
mourning into dancing.' Words that express my utter
dependence: 'In my mother's womb, you formed me.' Words that
convey my hoped-for intimacy: 'This one thing I desire, that
I might dwell in the house of the Lord forever.' The Psalms
tutor my soul in my love for God.
End of quotes from the book "The Bible Jesus Read" by Philip
Yancey. To be continued with a final third section.
..........................
Compiled October 2001
To be continued
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