THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE #1

IT  IS  BLACK  HISTORY  MONTH [FEBRUARY] AND  SO  IT  IS  ONLY  FITTING  THAT  I   GIVE  YOU  THE  TRUTH  ON  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE - Keith Hunt  

 WHOLE TRUTH...about the ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE #1 

I'M  MAKING  MY  WAY  THROUGH  A  VERY  INTERESTING  AND  EDUCATIONAL  AND  SHOCKING  LECTURE  SERIES  CALLED  "THE  CONQUEST  OF  THE  AMERICAS"   BY  PROFESSOR  MARSHALL  C.  EAKIN -  FROM  "THE  TEACHING  COMPANY"  -  COURSES  CALLED  "THE GREAT  COURSES."

THIS  RECOUNT  OF  HISTORY  YOU  CAN  TELL  BY  THE  FACE  OF  THE  PROFESSOR,  IS  NOT  EASY  TO  TELL,  VERY  HARD  AND  EMOTIONAL  TO  HAVE  TO  RELATE  THE  FACTS  OF  HISTORY,  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE.

LECTURE  13  -  THE  WORDS  OF  PROFESSOR  EAKIN:

IN  THIS  LECTURE  WE  TURN  TO  THE  RISE  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE  -  THE  LARGEST  FORCED  HUMAN  MIGRATION  IN  HISTORY.  ALTHOUGH  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  HAS  OFTEN  BEEN  CALLED  "A  PECULIAR  INSTITUTION"  IT  IS  NOT!  IT  HAS  HAPPENED  IN  ALL  HISTORY  AND  ON  ALL  CONTINENTS.

BUT  WHAT  WE  ARE  FOCUSING  ON  HERE  IS  THE  MODERN  RISE  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE  -  IT  BEGINS  IN  THE  MID-15TH  CENTURY  AND  ENDS  IN  THE  MID-19TH  CENTURY.

MILLIONS  OF  AFRICANS  ARE  BROUGHT  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC  AND  DISPERSED  IN  THE  DIASPORA,  IN  ALL  THE  COLONIES  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD.

THIS  TRADE  TOOK  PLACE  FOR  400  YEARS  AND  INVOLVED  ALL  PEOPLE  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  WORLD  -  THE  SPANISH,  THE  PORTUGUESE,  THE  DUTCH,  THE  FRENCH,  THE  ENGLISH.  ALL  ARE  ENGAGED  IN  THE  SLAVE  TRADE;  EVERY  COLONY  IN  THE  AMERICAS  IS  EFFECTED  BY  IT.

BUT  WHAT  OFTEN  GOES  UNSPOKEN  AND  IS  UN-POPULAR  TO  SAY,  IS  THAT  THE  PEOPLES  OF  AFRICA  WERE  ALSO  ENGAGED  IN  THE  PROCESS!!  AS  JOHN  THORTON  SHOWS  IN  HIS  WONDERFUL  BOOK  "AFRICA  AND  AFRICANS  IN  THE  MAKING  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  WORLD (1998).

THE  PEOPLES  ALONG  THE  WESTERN  COAST  AND  IN  CENTRAL  AFRICA   WERE  DEEPLY  ENGAGED  IN  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  ALONG  WITH  THE  EUROPEANS.  AND AGAIN  I  WANT  TO  EMPHASIZE,  IT'S  FALSE  TO  SEE  AMERICANS  AS  A  SINGLE  PEOPLE  WITH  A  SENSE  OF  SOLIDARITY  WHO  OFTEN  SAW  THEMSELVES  AS  THE  CENTER  OF  THE  UNIVERSE,  WITH  THE  OTHER  PEOPLE  AROUND  THEM  AS THE  ENEMY  IN  THE  OTHER [PART  OF  THE  UNIVERSE].  IF  ONE  IS  LOOKING  FOR  SOMEONE  TO  BLAME  IN  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  THERE  ARE  PLENTY  OF  PEOPLE  TO  FOCUS  ON,  FOR  EVERYONE  PARTICIPATED  IN  THE  PROCESS.

WHAT  IS  STRIKING  TO  THE  MODERN  MIND  IS:  HOW  LONG  IT  TAKES  FOR  ANYONE  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  WORLD  TO  BEGIN  TO  QUESTION  THE  IMMORALITY  AND  IN-HUMANITY  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  AND  SLAVERY  ITSELF!

TO  BE  CONTINUED

WHOLE TRUTH... Atlantic SLAVE trade #2

CONTINUING FROM  THE  LECTURE  BY  PROFESSOR  EAKIN:

THE  SLAVE  TRADE  BEGINS  IN  THE  1440s.

FIRST  DOCUMENTS  -  PORTUGUESE  SHIPS  COMING  BACK  FROM  WEST  AFRICA.  THE  BEST  ESTIMATES  PLACE  THE  NUMBER  OF  AFRICANS  BROUGHT  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC,  SOMEWHERE  BETWEEN  12  AND  15  MILLION!

BUT  FOR  EVERY  AFRICAN  WHO  ARRIVED  ON  THE  SHORES  OF  THE  AMERICAS PROBABLY  ONE  DIED  FOR  EVERY  ONE  CAPTURED  AND  ARRIVED  IN  THE  AMERICAS.

IN  OTHER  WORDS  WHAT  WE  ARE  TALKING  ABOUT  HERE  IS  SOMEWHERE  BETWEEN  24  TO  30  MILLION  AFRICANS  WHO WERE  INTENTIONALLY  ENSLAVED  AND  DESTINED  FOR  THE  AMERICAS.   THIS  WOULD  BE  ROUGHLY  8  TO  10  MILLION  PEOPLE  PER  CENTURY,  IN  THE  3  CENTURIES  OF  THE  HEIGHT  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE,  IN  A  CONTINENT  THAT  HAD  80  TO  120  MILLION  POPULATION.

THE  STUDY  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  HAS  BECOME  VERY  SOPHISTICATED  IN  THE  LAST  30  YEARS [THIS  LECTURE  SERIES  WAS  DONE  IN  ABOUT  2004].  WE  HAVE  A  VERY LARGE  LITERATURE  THAT  LOOKS  AT  ALL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  AND  SLAVERY  IN  THE  AMERICAS.

UNDERSTANDABLY  THERE  ARE  PROBLEMS  WITH  THE  SOURCES,  AND  THIS  IS  ONE  OF  THE  DIFFICULTIES  HISTORIANS  FACE  WHEN  LOOKING  AT  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE,  AND  THE  SORDID  CAPTURE  IN  WORLD  HISTORY.

OUR  BEST  QUANTITATIVE   SOURCES  ON  THIS  COMES  FROM  THE  SHIPPING  RECORDS  THEMSELVES,  FROM  EUROPEAN  MERCHANTS,  AND  THESE  ARE  SPOTTY  AND  OFTEN  DECEPTIVE;  THEY  ARE  HIGHLY  DISPERSED  AND  UNEVEN.  IN  THE  USA  FOR  EXAMPLE,  THESE  RECORDS  ARE  DISPERSED  AMONG  MANY  PORTS  AND  DIFFERENT  TRADERS.  THERE  IS  NO  CENTRALIZATION  THAT  TAKES  PLACE.

IN  BRAZIL,  WHICH  IS  THE  LARGEST  IMPORTER  OF  SLAVES,  THERE  IS  MORE  CENTRALIZED  RECORDS,  BUT  THEY  ARE  SYSTEMATICALLY  DESTROYED  AT  THE  END  OF  THE  19TH  CENTURY.

AND  THE  BEST  EVIDENCE  WE  HAVE  ON  BRAZIL,  THE  LARGEST  IMPORTER,  IN  FACT  COMES  FROM  BRITISH  CONSULAR  RECORDS  IN  THE  EARLY  19TH  CENTURY,  WHEN  EACH  BRITISH  CONSULAR  IN  BRAZILIAN  PORTS,  WOULD  SYSTEMATICALLY  WRITE  DOWN  EACH  SLAVES  SHIPMENT  COMING  IN,  AND  WOULD  DESCRIBE  THE  PEOPLE  WHO  GOT  OFF  AND  THE  NUMBERS.

DAVID  ELTIS,  THE  CANADIAN  SCHOLAR,  HAS  LED  AN  EFFORT  IN  THE  LAST  FEW  YEARS  TO  CONSOLIDATE  ALL  THESE  SHIPPING  RECORDS.  THE  RESULT  IS A  CD  THAT  CAME  OUT  IN  2,000  -  "THE  TRANS-ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE:  A  DATABASE  ON  CD-ROM."

INCLUDES  INFORMATION  THAT  IS  EASILY  ACCESSED.

ON  THE  27,000  SLAVE  VOYAGES  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC,  ELTIS  ESTIMATES  THIS  IS  PROBABLY  A  QUARTER  OF  ALL  THE  SHIPS  THAT  MOVED  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC  IN  THE  SLAVE  TRADE.

HIS  MOST  RECENT  BOOK  HAS  WON  HIM  MANY  PRIZES:  "THE  RISE  OF  AFRICAN  SLAVERY  IN  THE  AMERICAS" (2,000).  IT  IS  THE  FINEST  ACCOUNT.

HUGH  THOMAS'  "THE  SLAVE  TRADE" (1997)  IS  ALSO  A  FINE  NARRATIVE  ACCOUNT.

THE  CAREFUL  WORK  OF  SCHOLARS  LIKE  ELTIS,  PHIL  CURT  AND  OTHERS,  PROVIDE  US  WITH  REASONABLY  GOOD  ESTIMATES  OF  THE  RISE  AND  FALL  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  AND  ITS  PHASES.

THE  FIRST  BLACK  AFRICANS  ARE  SHIPPED  BACK  TO  LISBON  IN  SOUTHERN  PORTUGAL  IN  THE  144Os.  AND  IN  FACT  WE  HAVE  AN  EXCELLENT  EYE-WITNESS  ACCOUNT  OF  ONE  OF  THESE  EARLY  SHIPMENTS,  THAT  ARRIVES ON  THE  SOUTHERN  COAST  OF  PORTUGAL  IN  1444.

GOMES  EANNES  de  ZURARA,  ATTACHED  TO  THE  ENTOURAGE  OF  PRINCE  HENRY  THE  NAVIGATOR,  DESCRIBES  THE  ARRIVAL  OF  235  AFRICANS.  AND  THESE  ARE  HIS  WORDS:

...........

TO  BE  CONTINUED

WHOLE TRUTH.... of SLAVERY in the Americas #3

WE  CAME  LAST  TIME  TO  THE  ARRIVAL  OF  SLAVES  TO  PORTUGAL.

CONTINUING  WITH  THE  LECTURE:

GOMES  EANNES  de  ZURARA,  THESE  ARE  HIS  WORDS:

"A  MARVELOUS  SIGHT  AND  SOME  AMONGST  THEM  WHITE  ENOUGH,  FAIR  ENOUGH  AND  WELL  PROPORTIONED,  OTHERS  WERE  LESS  WHITE ...  OTHERS  AGAIN  SO  BLACK  LIKE  ETHIOPIANS,  AND  SO  UGLY  IN  FEATURES  AND  BODY  AS  TO  ALMOST  APPEAR  AS  IMAGES  OF  THE  LOWER  HEMISPHERE.  WHAT  HEART  COULD  BE  SO  HARD  NOT  TO  BE  PIERCED  WITH  THE  PITIST  FEELING  TO  SEE THAT  COMPANY,  FOR  SOME  KEPT  THEIR  HEADS  LOW,  AND  THEIR  FACES  BATHED  IN  TEARS,  LOOKING  UPON  ONE  ANOTHER;  OTHERS  STOOD  GROANING  VERY  GRIEVOUSLY,  LOOKING  UP  TO  THE  HEIGHT  OF  HEAVEN,  FIXING  THEIR  EYES  ON  AND  CRYING  OUT  LOUDLY  AS  IF  ASKING  HELP  FROM  THE  FATHER  OF  NATURE.  OTHERS  STRUCK  THEIR  FACES  WITH  THE  PALMS  OF  THEIR  HANDS,  THROWING  THEMSELVES  FULL  LENGTH  ON  THE  GROUND,  WHILE  OTHERS  MADE  LAMENTATIONS  IN  THE  MANNER  OF  A  DIRGE,  AFTER  THE  CUSTOM  OF  THEIR  COUNTRY."

46  OF  THESE  SLAVES  WERE  HANDED  OVER  TO  PRINCE  HENRY,  WHO  WAS  STANDING  NEARBY,  WATCHING  THE  UNLOADING  OF  THE  SHIP.

WITH  THE  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  AMERICAS  IN  THE  1490s,  AFRICAN  SLAVES  BEGIN  TO  CROSS  THE  ATLANTIC. 

FOR  ABOUT  20  YEARS  FERNANDO  AND  ISABEL  DEBATE  WHETHER  TO  ALLOW  THESE  SHIPMENTS  OF  SLAVES  INTO  THE  NEW  AMERICAS.  ONLY  IN  1510  DOES  FERNANDO  BEGIN  TO  AUTHORIZE  SLAVE  SHIPMENTS,  TO  BE  REGULATED  BY  THE  CROWN,  INTO  THE  CARIBBEAN.

THIS  IS  THE  TRUE  BEGINNING  INTO  THE  TRANS-ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE.

BUT  IT  WAS  THE  RISE  OF  SUGAR  PLANTATIONS,  FIRST  IN  BRAZIL,  IN  THE  1560s  AND  1570s  THAT  IS  THE  TRUE  ENGINE  THAT  MOVES  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  TO  ITS  HIGHEST  LEVEL.

BLACK  SLAVES  AND  FREE BLACKS  ARE  EVERYWHERE  IN  THE  AMERICAS.  SLAVES  IN  CUBA  BY  1511.  A  BLACK  SLAVE  WAS  WITH  BABOWA  WHEN  HE  SAW  THE  PACIFIC.  A  FREE  BLACK  IS  AT  THE  SIDE  OF  CORTEZ  IN  THE  CONQUEST  OF  MEXICO.

PROBABLY  ABOUT  100,000  AFRICANS  WERE  BROUGHT  ACROSS  TO  SPANISH  AMERICA  AS  SLAVES  IN  THE  PERIOD  BEFORE  1575.

IT  IS  NOT  UNTIL  ABOUT  1550  THE  TRADE  OF  AFRICANS  TO  THE  AMERICAS  SURPASSES  THAT  TRADE  BACK  TO  EUROPE,  AND  PARTICULAR  BACK  TO  PORTUGAL.  

BUT  THE  RISE  OF  THE  SUGAR  PLANTATIONS  IN  BRAZIL  IN  THE  LATE  16TH  CENTURY  AND  THE  CARIBBEAN  IN  THE  1600s,  THAT  THE  TRADE  ACCELERATES   DRAMATICALLY.  THERE  IS  A  RISING  CURVE  OF  IMPORTS  IN  THE  16TH  CENTURY.

IN  THE  1650s  THE  DUTCH  AND  THE  ENGLISH  HAVE  COPIED  THE  BRAZILIANS  AND  BUILT  SUGAR  PLANTATIONS  ACROSS  THE  CARIBBEAN  BASIN,  AND  THE  DEMANDS  FOR  SLAVE  LABOR  ACCELERATES.

NEARLY  2/3  OF  ALL  THE  SLAVES  WHO  COME  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC,  CROSS  IN  THE  18TH  CENTURY.  THE  REASON  FOR  THIS  IS  VERY  SIMPLE.  IT'S  IN  THE  18TH  CENTURY  THAT  EVERY  PLANTATION  SOCIETY  IN  THE  AMERICAS  IS  IN  FULL  SWING.  BRAZIL,  THE  CARIBBEAN,  AND  WHAT  BECOMES  THE  USA  SOUTH,  ALL  ARE  OPERATING  AT  FULL  TILT.  AND  IN  BRAZIL  I  SHOULD  ADD,  IT'S  NOT  ONLY  THE  SUGAR  PLANTATIONS,  BUT  THE  GOLD  MINES,  WITH  THE  DISCOVERY  OF  GOLD  IN  THE  1700s  IN  BRAZIL,  THAT  RISES  THE  DEMAND  FOR  AFRICAN  SLAVE  LABOR.

ALTHOUGH  ALL  OF  THE  SEA  POWERS  ARE  INVOLVED  WITH  CARRYING  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC,  IN  THE  18TH  CENTURY,  IT  IS  THE  ENGLISH  WHO  CARRY  THE  MAJORITY  OF  THE  TRAFFIC,  SUPPLYING  THEIR  OWN  COLONIES  AS  WELL  AS  THOSE  OF  THE  OTHER  EUROPEAN  POWERS.

..........

TO  BE  CONTINUED

WHOLE TRUTH of SLAVERY in the Americas #4

WE  CONTINUE  WITH  PROFESSOR  EAKIN'S  LECTURE  ON  THE  CONQUEST  OF  THE  AMERICAS,  AND  IN  PARTICULAR  HIS  HALF  HOUR  ON  THE  ATLANTIC  SLAVE  TRADE:

WITH  THE  RISE  OF  AN  ANTI-SLAVE  TRADE  AND  ANTI-SLAVERY  MOVEMENT  IN  THE  LATE  18TH  CENTURY,  BEGINNING  IN  ENGLAND,  THE  TRADE  WOULD  GRADUALLY  DECLINE  UNTIL  ITS  EXTINCTION  IN  1870.  WHAT  IS  PERHAPS  MOST  STRIKING  THOUGH  TO  THE  MODERN  MIND  IS  HOW  EASILY  THE  EUROPEANS  AND   AFRICAN  PEOPLES  MOVE  INTO  THIS  SLAVE  TRADE,  AND  HOW  LONG  IT  IS  FOR  ANYONE  TO  QUESTION  ITS  MORALITY.

IN  THE  LAST  HALF  OF  THE  18TH CENTURY  IN  ENGLAND  THE  ANTI-SLAVE  TRADE,  ANTI-SLAVE  MOVEMENT  BEGINS,  IN  PARTICULAR  AMONG  ENGLISH  QUAKERS,  WHO  IRONICALLY  IN  THE  FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  18TH  CENTURY  WERE  SOME  OF  THE  MAJOR  CHARACTERS,  MAJOR  PARTICIPANTS  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  SALVE  TRADE.

WITH  GROWING  ENGLISH  PRESSURE  ESPECIALLY  AFTER  1800  WITH  OFFICIAL  BACKING  OF  THE  ENGLISH  CROWN,  THE  TRADE  AND  SLAVERY  ARE  GRADUALLY  SQUEEZED  AND  ELIMINATED.

THE  LAST  KNOWN  SLAVE  SHIPMENT  ARRIVED  IN  CUBA  JANUARY  OF  1870.  AND  BRAZIL  HAS  THE  IGNOMINIOUS  DISTINCTION  BEING  THE  LAST  COUNTRY  IN  THE  HEMISPHERE  TO  ABOLISH  SLAVERY,  IN  MAY  OF  1888. 

ALL  THE  REGIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAS  FEEL  THE  IMPACT  OF  THE  SLAVE  TRADE,  SEVERAL  REGIONS  FEEL  IT  MORE  THAN  OTHERS.  AND  ALTHOUGH  ALL  REGIONS  OF  AFRICA,  WEST  AFRICA  AND  CENTRAL  AFRICA,  EAST  AFRICA,  PARTICIPATE  IN  THIS  PROCESS,  TWO  -  ONE  IN  CENTRAL  AFRICA  AND  ONE  IN  WEST  AFRICA  ARE  THE  REAL  FOCUS  OF  THE  ACTIVITY. 

THE  REGION  IN  WEST  AFRICA  BECOMES  THE  FIRST  GREAT  EXPORTER  OF  THIS  HUMAN  CARGO.  THIS  BEGINS  INITIALLY  IN  SENAGAMBIA  WEST  AFRICA,  CLOSEST  TO  THE  SAHARA,  MOVES  VERY  QUICKLY  TO  WHAT  TODAY  IS  GHANA,  NIGERIA,  BENIN,  CAMEROON.  IN  THE  16TH  CENTURY  THIS  BECOMES  THE  FOCUS,  PORTUGAL  IN  PARTICULAR,  ON  THE  COAST  OF  GHANA  THEY  CONSTRUCT  THEIR  TRADING  SYSTEM,  THEIR  FORTS,  AND  FACTORIES  AT  ELMINA. 

LATER  IN  THE  16TH  CENTURY,  ANGOLA,  CONGO,  BEGIN  TO  SUPPLY  MANY  BANTON  PEOPLES  TO  THE  AMERICAS,  ESPECIALLY  TO  THE  PLANTATIONS  OF  BRAZIL.  AND  IN  EXCHANGE  THE  BRAZILIANS,  AND  PORTUGAL,  SHIP  SUGAR,  MOLASSES,  AND  CANE  RUM,  BACK  ACROSS  TO  ANGOLA. 

IN  THE  LATE  18TH  CENTURY,  MOZAMBIQUE  IN  EAST  AFRICA  BECOMES  A  MAJOR  SUPPLIER,  ESPECIALLY  FOR  THE  BRAZILIANS.  IN  PART  THIS  IS  DUE  TO  GROWING  DEMAND,  IN  PART  BECAUSE  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  IS  BEING  SQUEEZED  NORTH  OF  THE  EQUATOR. 

THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  VOYAGE  FROM  MOZAMBIQUE  TO  BRAZIL  IS  10  WEEKS,  COMPARED  TO  4  WEEKS  FROM  WEST  AFRICA  TO  NORTH-WEST  BRAZIL.

BRAZIL  IS  THE  SINGLE  LARGEST  IMPORTER  OF  AFRICAN  SLAVES  DURING  THIS  ENTIRE  PERIOD;  PERHAPS  A  THIRD  OF  ALL  THE  SLAVES  THAT  COME  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC  END  UP  IN  BRAZIL.  AND  UNLIKE  ANY  OTHER  REGIONS,  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  INTO  BRAZIL  ACCELERATES  RIGHT  TO  THE  VERY  END,  WHEN  IT  IS  SUPPRESSED  WITH  BRITISH  PRESSURE  AND  BRAZILIAN  LEGISLATION,  THE  SLAVE  TRADE  IN  BRAZIL  IS  AT  ITS  PEAK.  50,000  AFRICANS PER  YEAR,  IN  THE  FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  19TH  CENTURY  WERE  ENTERING  BRAZIL  -  DOUBLE  THE  ANNUAL  RATE  OF  THE  18TH  CENTURY.

THE  CARIBBEAN  BASIN  DEVOURS  50  PERCENT  OF  ALL  THE  AFRICANS  BROUGHT  TO  THE  AMERICAS,  INTO  THE  SPANISH,  ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  AND  DUTCH  POSSESSIONS.  ALTHOUGH  THE  CARIBBEAN  IS  A  MUCH  LARGER  IMPORTER  THAN  BRAZIL,  IT  IS  MUCH  MORE  POLITICALLY  AND  GEOGRAPHICALLY  FRAGMENTED.

LIKE  BRAZIL  THE  DEMOGRAPHIC  IMPACT  ON  THE  CARIBBEAN  IS  ENORMOUS.  TODAY  THE  TWO  REGIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAS,  THAT  BEAR  THE  IMPACT  OF  AFRICA  MOST  CLEARLY  ARE  BRAZIL  AND  THE  CARIBBEAN.

THE  13  COLONIES  IN  BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICA  ABSORB  POSSIBLY  6  PERCENT  OF  THE  TRADE,  MAYBE  700  TO  750  THOUSAND  PEOPLE.

THE  FIRST  SHIPMENT  OF  SLAVES  INTO  NORTH  AMERICA  ON  THE  MAIN-LAND,  ARE  SPANISH  MOVING  INTO  WHAT  TODAY  IS  FLORIDA. 

THE  FIRST  KNOWN  SHIPMENT  OF  ENSLAVED  AFRICANS  INTO  THE  BRITISH  TERRITORIES  IS  IN  THE  EARLY  16  HUNDREDS  INTO  VIRGINIA.  

SO  THE  USA,  WHAT  IS  THE  13  COLONIES  IS  A  LATE  COMER  IN  THIS  PROCESS.  PLANTATION  SOCIETY  THAT  BECOMES  THE  USA,  DOESN'T  BECOME  FULL  FLOWER  UNTIL  THE  18TH  CENTURY.  SO  SLAVERY  IN  WHAT  BECOMES  THE  USA  IS  CONCENTRATED  IN  THE  OLD  SOUTH  WHICH  HAS  THE  DEEPEST  IMPRINT  OF  AFRICA  IN  ANY  REGION  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.

BUT  THE  IMPRINT  IN  THE  USA  IS  NO  WHERE  NEAR  WHAT  IT  IS  IN  THE  CARIBBEAN  AND  BRAZIL.

..........

TO  BE  CONTINUED