THE STUDY OF DNA
I HAVE A SET OF DVDs ON GENETICS AND DNA, BY A PhD GUY, FROM “THE TEACHING COMPANY.”
IT IS 24 HALF HOUR LECTURES.
GENETICS IS TRULY MIND-BLOWING!
HOW ANYONE STUDYING THIS CAN STILL DECLARE “THERE IS NO GOD” JUST MAKES ME SHAKE MY HEAD IN BEWILDERMENT THAT PEOPLE CAN STILL FOOL THEMSELVES INTO BELIEVING THERE IS NO GOD.
BUT OF COURSE THE BOTTOM LINE IS THAT THEY DO NOT WANT TO BELIEVE THERE IS A GOD, BECAUSE IF THEY DO, THE NEXT COMMON STEP WOULD BE ADMITTING GOD CAN THEN INSPIRE A BOOK TO BE WRITTEN, THAT TELLS US HOW WE SHOULD BE LIVING.
DNA….. FROM THE FIRST LECTURES:
DNA IS INSIDE A GENE.
WE HAVE 24,000 GENES IN THE HUMAN BODY.
DNA IS LONG STRANDS = POLYMER [BEADS ON A CHAIN]
THE BEADS ARE MONOMER [MILLIONS OF UNITS]
4 NITROGEN BASES MAKE UP DNA.
ADENINE = A
THYMINE = T
GUANINE = G
CYTOSINE = C
MANY DIFFERENT ORDER OF THE BEADS IN DIFFERENT AMOUNTS.
PHOEBUS LEVENE [1869 - 1940] — SPENT 30 YEARS STUDYING DNA.
HE DISCOVERED THE BEADS WERE ATTACHED TO A BACK-BONE— A SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACK-BONE.
ONE OF HIS STUDENTS CALLED IT DEOXYRIBONUCLIAC ACID = DNA.
SO THIS IS LIKE:
A GOLD CHAIN FROM WHICH HAND LITTLE CHAINS AND THE BEADS ARE ON OR HANG FROM THE LITTLE CHAINS.
THE BACK-BONE IS THE GOLD CHAIN.
THE BASES OR BEADS ARE—— A T G C
LEVENE SAID THE CHAIN IS VERY, VERY, VERY, VERY LONG WITH REPEATING UNITS. HE SAID THE REPEATING UNITS WERE A T G C.
HENCE—— ATGCATGCATGCATGC—— FOR HIM IT WAS VERY BORING REPEAT OF UNITS.
HENCE IF HE WAS CORRECT IT LACKED THE KEY TO GENE INTELLIGENCE; WITH 24,000 GENES WITH SOMETHING AS BORING AS THAT COULD NOT GIVE THE EXPRESSION TO COMPLICATE LIFE STRUCTURES.
LEVENE WAS A TOWERING PERSONALITY AND A STUPENDOUS CHEMIST; PEOPLE BELIEVED HIM AND SAID DNA IS OUT AS KEY TO COMPLICATED LIFE STRUCTURES.
THIS WAS THE 1930s.
IN THE LATE 1940s ERWIN CHARGAFF [1905 - 2002] ANOTHER CHEMIST, TOOK A LOOK, AND FOUND LEVENE WAS WRONG!
IT WASN’T ATGCATGCATGC AT ALL!
IT WAS HIGHLY VARIABLE!
LIKE—— ATCGGCTATCGAATTCCG ETC.
CHARGAFF DISCOVERED THERE WAS AN EQUAL AMOUNT OF ATGC FOR HUMANS = 100%
FOR THE EUCALYPTUS PLANT ANOTHER EQUAL AMOUNT OF ATGC = 100%
HE DISCOVERED SAY 20% OF A = 20% OF T
30% OF G = 30% OF C = 100%
ANOTHER CREATURE COULD BE 18% A 18% T
32% G 32% C = 100%
NOW FITTING ALL THESE OBSERVATIONS TOGETHER—
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LOOKS AT ATOMS IN A 3 DIMENSION SPACE.
WATER MOLECULES H2O = ALL THE SAME, NO DIFFERENCE IN ANY WATER MOLECULES.
HUMANS ARE 70% WATER; NO COMPLICATED INSTRUCTIONS OF HUMAN STRUCTURE IN WATER.
DNA = MILLIONS OF ATOMS.
WAS THERE A SHAPE TO DNA?
SHINING X-RAYS THROUGH IT—
RAYS GO IN - GET BOUNCED AROUND BY ALL THE ATOMS - COME OUT AT THE OTHER END. PUT A PHOTO-GRAPHIC PLATE THERE, AND A PATTERN IS SHOWN ON HOW MUCH BOUNCING AROUND TAKES PLACE.
THE X-RAY PATTERNS WERE FOUND TO BE VERY REGULAR.
MAURICE WILKINS [1916 - 2004] AND ROSALIND FRANKLIN [1920 - 1958], WORKING AT KINGS COLLEGE, LONDON, IN THE EARLY 1950s.
THEY DID X-RAY ANALYST OF DNA, AND FOUND REGULARITY, LIKE A COIL OR POPULAR SLINKY COIL, CALLED HELIX.
JAMES WATSON [B. 1928] AND FRANCIS CRICK [1916 - 2004]
WORKING AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, LOOKED AT ALL THIS.
MAYBE, JUST MAYBE DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX —— TWO POLOMER—— SUGAR/PHOSPHATE ON THE OUTSIDE FOR THE BACK-BONE.
THEY TRIED TO PUT IT ALL TOGETHER.
THE ONLY WAY WAS A DOUBLE-HELIX.
ON THE OUTSIDE AND BEADS AT A T G C ON THE INSIDE, JUST FITTING TOGETHER LIKE A BASEBALL IN A GLOVE - FITTING BUT NOT TIGHTLY - NOT A BOND, FITTING WEAKLY BUT A FIT.
NO OTHER STRUCTURE WORKED BUT A DOUBLE-HELIX.
CRICK’S WIFE WAS AN ARTIST, SHE DREW A DOUBLE-HELIX.
THEY PUBLISHED A ONE PAGE ARTICLE TO PROVE THEIR POINT.
THIS MODEL WAS IMMEDIATELY ACCEPTED.
A BEAUTIFUL ELEGANT STRUCTURE; THEY WON THE NOBEL PRIZE.
FOUR REQUIREMENTS - DNA
1. INFORMATION STORAGE.
2. ACCURATE DUPLICATION
3. EXPRESSION AS PHENOTYPE
4. ABILITY TO CHANGE [MUTATE]
1. DNA INFORMATION
USING A T G C IN VARIOUS PATTERNS—— HUGE LANGUAGE!
BUT A AND T ARE ALWAYS TOGETHER, THEY FIT TOGETHER LIKE BASEBALL INTO GLOVE.
AND G AND C ARE ALWAYS TOGETHER, BASEBALL INTO GLOVE.
A AND T = ONE PAIR
G AND C = ONE PAIR
EXAMPLE:
469 BASE PAIRS OF DNA FOR HUMAN INSULIN.
THE GENE THAT GIVES US INSULIN IS 469 BASE PAIRS.
THE BEGINNING OF THIS GENE IS——
AGCCCTCCAGGACAGGCTGCAT………….
THE OTHER STRAND IS THERE BECAUSE WHERE YOU HAVE AN A YOU HAVE T. WHERE YOU HAVE A G YOU HAVE C.
SO WE HAVE, LOOKING AT THE BEADS ABOVE FOR INSULIN, WE HAVE——
A G C C C T C C A
T C G G G A G G T ETC.
IF WE KNOW THE ONE STRAND WE KNOW THE OTHER STRAND.
HUMANS HAVE OVER 3 BILLION BASE PAIRS OF DNA—— LOTS OF INFORMATION.
INFORMATION THAT MAKES YOU YOU—— HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, DIMPLE, SHAPE OF EYES, SHAPE OF NOSE, ETC.
2. DNA REPLICATION
WATSON AND CRICK SAID IT HAS NOT GONE UN-NOTICED OUR DOUBLE-HELIX IS GREAT FOR DUPLICATION.
LIKE A ZIPPER IT CAN UNWIND EASILY.
A LOOSE CONNECTION A AND T G AND C —— UNZIPPING.
THE OLD STRANDS ACT AS A TEMPLATE FOR THE NEW STRANDS.
STRAND AAAAA
WITH TTTTT
UNZIP
AAAAA
TTTTT
SOMETHING COMES INTO PLAY TO MAKE A NEW STRAND
AAAAA - OLD
TTTTT - NEW
TTTTT - OLD
AAAAA - NEW
THE SAME FOR G AND C
THIS WE CALL SEMI-CONSERVATISM REPLICATION—— IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH POLITICS.
YOU ARE CONSERVING THE OLD STRAND OF DNA.
YOU ARE ADDING OR REPLICATING [DUPLICATING] NEW STRANDS.
MOTHER AND FATHER = DNA [SPERM] DNA[EGG]
COMBINE = ONE CELL
CELL DIVIDES = REPLICATING
CELLS DIVIDE - MORE AND MORE = NEW PERSON.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE A CELL WITH PARENTS DNA SOMEWHERE IN ALL OUR CELLS?
MAYBE!
WE HAVE ABOUT 60 TRILLION CELLS IN THE HUMAN!
………………..
I SHALL CONTINUE THIS PART OF GENETICS IN THE SECOND PART - Keith Hunt
NOW WITH WHAT WE HAVE LEARNT SO FAR——
WHO INVENTED THIS DNA? IT IS A HUGE LANGUAGE AS WE HAVE SEEN. COULD THIS BASIC 4 LETTER LANGUAGE JUST HAVE INVENTED ITSELF? 469 BASE PAIRS TO TELL WHATEVER, TO MAKE INSULIN!
COULD RANDOM CHANCE OF THESE FOUR CHEMICALS FALLING TOGETHER IN 469 BASE PAIRS, JUST BY CHANCE THROUGH EVOLUTION, HAVE HAPPENED BY CHANCE?
DOES EVOLUTION HAVE A MIND, A BRAIN; DOES IT SPEAK TO ITSELF AND SAY, “OKAY YOU FOUR CHEMICALS EXPERIMENT AROUND UNTIL YOU FORM A LANGUAGE OF WHAT YOU HAVE TO TELL THIS OTHER THING/S TO FORM AND MAKE INSULIN".
HOW COULD EVOLUTION WITH NO BRAIN DECIDE THAT YOU HAVE TO GET 469 BASE PAIRS OF DNA FORMED TOGETHER TO HAVE THE LANGUAGE TO TELL THE NEXT WHATEVER OF EVOLUTION, TO START MAKING INSULIN FOR THE HUMAN BODY, WHICH WITHOUT YOU ARE GOING TO SERIOUSLY MESS UP THE HUMAN BODY WHICH WILL NOT SURVIVE.
AND WHEN YOU PUT THAT WITH ALL THE MANY MANY OTHER THINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY, THAT NEEDS TO BE PUT TOGETHER CORRECTLY……. I MEAN….. YOU DON’T HAVE HAIR GROWING OUT OF YOUR EYES, OR FROM YOUR FINGER NAILS. YOU DON’T HAVE TWO HEARTS ONE ON EACH SIDE OF YOUR CHEST.
IF EVOLUTION IS IN CHARGE YOU’D THINK IT COULD HAVE 100 OR 50 BASE PAIRS OF DNA TO MAKE INSULIN, AND NOT 469—— WHY NOT 470, WHY ON EARTH 469, AN ODD NUMBER TO SAY THE LEAST.
AND THIS IS JUST THE START OF THE PATHWAY FOR INSULIN TO BE MADE.
HOW DID EVOLUTION DECIDE ON DUPLICATING? DID EVOLUTION SAY TO ITSELF, “WELL WE WILL UN-ZIP OUR DNA STRAND?” BEFORE EVEN THAT, HOW DID EVOLUTION DECIDE IT WOULD BE A DOUBLE-HELIX? THEN EVEN BEFORE THAT HOW DID EVOLUTION DECIDE UPON 4 CHEMICALS FOR A and T G and C ? WHERE DID THEY COME FROM? HOW DID EVOLUTION DECIDE A WOULD COUPLE WITH T AND G WOULD COUPLE WITH C ? AFTER UN-ZIPPING HOW DID EVOLUTION FIGURE HOW TO MAKE A NEW STRAND THAT WOULD COUPLE WITH THE OLD STRAND? HOW DID EVOLUTION DECIDE A AND T TOGETHER AND G AND C TOGETHER WOULD BE THE BASE FROM WHICH A LANGUAGE WOULD COME TOGETHER; AND HOW DID EVOLUTION DECIDE THE A T G C WOULD NOT BOND BUT BE LOOSE YET CONNECTED?
THERE ARE SO MANY PARTS TO THE HUMAN BODY EACH WITH ITS CODE OF LANGUAGE, HOW COULD SLOW EVOLUTION, OR EVEN A QUICK MUTATION, EVER KEEP ALL OF THESE DNA LANGUAGE SEPARATE FROM EACH OTHER?
BACK TO INSULIN——
AS THESE 24 LECTURE ON GENETICS SHOW THERE ARE A NUMBER OF MAZING THINGS YOU MUST HAVE, FOR THE BASIC BLUEPRINT OF INSULIN TO COME INTO BEING; THE CORRECT LANGUAGE OF THE BLUEPRINT IS ONLY THE BEGINNING, YOU HAVE TO HAVE OTHER THINGS THAT PUTS THE LANGUAGE INTO THE PRACTICALITY OF LITERALLY MAKING ALL THAT IS INSIDE THE INSULIN, TO DO WHAT IS REQUIRED OF IT IN THE HUMAN BODY, FOR THAT BODY TO FUNCTION IN A NORMAL MANNER.
AND WHO DECIDED WE HAVE TO HAVE INSULIN IN THE FIRST PLACE?
DID EVOLUTION SIT DOWN AND SAY, “WELL NOW, FOR US TO MAKE A HUMAN PERSON, WE WILL DECIDE ONE PART OF THAT NORMAL LIVING PERSON WILL HAVE TO HAVE INSULIN, AND THIS IS HOW WE SHALL DO IT.”
WHEN YOU ADD UP ALL THE PARTS IN A NORMAL HUMAN PERSON, HOW ALL PARTS MUST FIT TOGETHER CORRECTLY TO MAKE A LIVING PERSON, AND TO THINK EVOLUTION, EVEN GIVEN MILLIONS OF YEARS COULD EVER DO SUCH A MIRACULOUS FEAT OF ENGINEERING, IS BEYOND ALL COMMON SENSE, BUT COMMON SENSE JUST AIN’T COMMON TODAY!
AND WHILE EVOLUTION WAS TRYING THIS AND TRYING THAT, AS IT STUMBLED ALONG OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS, TO GET THE HUMAN AS HE IS TODAY, WHY HAVE WE NOT FOUND ALL KINDS OF STRANGE AND FREAKISH “HUMANS” IN THE GROUND, AS EVOLUTION MESSED UP DOWN THROUGH TIME, TO COME UP WITH THE FINAL HUMAN BEING WE HAVE ON EARTH TODAY.
AS ONE SERIOUS JOKE GOES—— IF WE HUMANS DESCENDED FROM MONKEYS, WHY DO WE STILL HAVE MONKEYS?
AND I COULD ADD WHY HAVE WE NOT FOUND 1/2 MONKEY AND 1/2 MAN, OR ANY OTHER MIXED PERCENTAGE, SOMEWHERE IN THE GROUND?
SO WE ARE BACK TO SAYING WHO TOLD EVOLUTION THAT IT WOULD TAKE 469 BASE PAIRS OF DNA JUST TO MAKE INSULIN?
AS GOD’S WORD THE HOLY INSPIRED BIBLE SAYS, ONLY THE FOOL HAS SAID IN HIS HEART THERE IS NO GOD [PS. 14: 1].
GENETICS AND DNA #2
3. MUTATION
PASSED ON TO NEW GENERATION AS PERMANENT.
EXAMPLE——
ATCGGTTAACT —— CHANGED TO
ATCAGTTAACT
TAGTCAATTGA
ERRORS IN DNA DO HAPPEN - ONE IN A MILLION, BUT IT HAPPENS!
MOST ARE REPAIRED IN DNA
THERE IS A LITTLR SOMETHING MACHINE THAT GOES ALONG REPAIRING DNA!
AN ERROR WOULD BE A
G
SHOULD BE A
T
IF AN ERROR IS NOT CAUGHT AND CORRECTED IT IS PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION!
MANY PROBLEM PHYSICAL/MENTAL ARE FROM FAULTY DNA BASES = FAULTY GENES.
JUST ONE FAULTY GENE CAN HAVE OR RESULT IN A HUGE PHYSICAL/MENTAL—- NOT A NORMAL PERSON!
REPEAT—— ONE FAULTY GENE CAN HAVE HUGE PHYSICAL/MENTAL RESULTS IN THE BODY OF A PERSON.
A FEW FAULTY GENES CAN EQUAL VERY VERY SEVERE PHYSICAL/MENTAL PROBLEMS.
4. ABLE TO BE EXPRESSED—— EXPRESSION!
EXAMPLE:
SPIDER WEB——
A. IT’S ITS HOME
B. IT’S WHERE IT MATES - REPRODUCES
C. CAPTURES ITS FOOD
THE WEB HAS TO BE STRONG, STRECH, BUT NOT WABBLE OR GET OUT OF CONTROL.
THE SPIDER STRAND——
* THINNER THAN THE HUMAN HAIR
* STRONG - THEY ARE STRONGER THAN STEEL
* YET MORE FLEXIBLE THAN PLASTIC
SPIDER SILK IS MADE OF PROTEINS CALLED “SILK”—— THE SILK IN CLOTHES COMES FROM THE SILK WORM, DIFFERENT - A DIFFERENT SUBSTANCE - A DIFFERENT MOLECULE.
SILK FROM THE SPIDER IS LARGER MOLECULE AND CONTAINS ALL KINDS OF CHEMICALS IN A CERTAIN ORDER.
THE SPIDER MANUFACTURES IT SOME HOW, AND IT COMES OUT OF ITS BACK-END.
WE ARE STILL RESEARCHING IT ALL [IT MAY WELL BE ALL KNOWN BY NOW, AS THESE DVDs ARE FROM SOME YEARS BACK - Keith Hunt]
NOW TO PROTEINS
THEY ARE POLOMERS = THE CHAIN - MOLOMERS THE BEADS.
PROTEINS = 20 AMENO-ACIDS [THEY ALL HAVE NAMES]
PROTEINS HAVE THEIR OWN SET ORDER, SO VERY LARGE.
PROTEIN STRANDS STRAND 10 - 1,000 AMINO-ACID BUILDING BLOCKS.
THE SPIDER SILK HAS CERTAIN AMINO-ACIDS IN A CERTAIN ORDER—— IT THEN GIVES THE SILK ITS STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE—- WHAT IT IS FOR WHAT IT WILL DO.
SO SPIDER GENES = SPIDER SILK
DNA IN THE GENE WITH THE PROTEIN = SPIDER SILK.
PROTEIN MOLECULE = CHAIN OF AMINO-ACIDS.
R
H——-N————C C———OH
H H O
Amino Group Acid Group
H2N CO2H
HUMANS LACK THE GENETIC CAPACITY TO MAKE 8 OF THE 20 AMINO ACIDS.
BACTERIA CAN DO IT - PLANTS CAN DO IT.
THEY CAN REARRANGE THE CARBONS, OXYGENS, SULPHUR, PHOSPHORUS, HYDROGEN, ETC. - REARRANGE AND MAKE ALL 20 AMINO ACIDS.
WE HAVE TO GET 8 AMINO ACIDS IN OUR DIET.
VERY IMPORTANT FOR OUR DIET AND FOR AGRICULTURE.
[IF WE DO NOT GET CITRIC ACID [Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula C6H8O7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms] IN OUR DIET, WE GET SCURVY, A DEFICIENCY IN VITAMIN C.
MANY SAILORS DIED OF SCURVY WHEN BRITAIN AND NATIONS OF EUROPE WERE FIRST MOVING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. THEY FINALLY DISCOVERED EATING FRUIT WAS THE ANSWER. THE ENGLISH WERE CALLED “LIMIES” BECAUSE THEY CARRIED TUBS OF LIMES FOR THE SAILORS TO SUCK ON - Keith Hunt]
AMINO ACID FOLDING
AT CERTAIN POINTS WE HAVE A CERTAIN AMINO ACID, WE’LL CALL IT RED AT POINTS THAT CAN MAKE THE AMINO ACID FOLD A CERTAIN WAY.
CELL— PROTEIN—— 75% WATER
SOME AMINO ACIDS LIKE WATER AND SOME DO NOT.
HENCE A ZIG-ZAG—— AMINO ACIDS NEAR WATER, AND AMINO ACIDS AWAY FROM WATER.
THE SHAPE OF THE PROTEIN IS HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
BOIL AN EGG—— LIQUID BECOMES HARD, CHANGING ITS PATTERN OF FOLDS - THEY ARE THEN UNCHANGEABLE - YOU CAN NOT UN-BOIL AN EGG.
PROTEIN STRUCTURAL FUNCTION
THE SPIDERS WEB - SILK - 3 DIMENSION TO FORM.
HAIR—— STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IS KERATIN
MUSCLES—— STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IS ACTIN AND MYOSIN
ANTIBODIES—— STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
CONNECTING TISSUE—— STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IS COLLAGEN
ALL A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF 20 AMINO ACIDS.
THEY ARE ALSO GOVERNED BY OTHER FACTORS—— NO HAIR GROWING OUT OF YOUR EYEBALLS!
………………..
THERE IS WAY WAY MORE ON THESE 24 LECTURES ABOUT GENETICS, BUT THIS IS ENOUGH FOR NOW.
WE HAVE SEEN HOW SOME LITTLE MACHINE GOES ALONG CORRECTING THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX STRAND.
FOR WHATEVER REASON A MISTAKE CAN ESCAPE BEING CORRECTED, WITH UNPLEASANT RESULTS, SOME WITH VERY SEVERE RESULTS; ONE TINY SMALL ERROR IN THE IMMENSE JIG-SAW OF GENES AND DNA, CAN HAVE PROFOUND RESULTS IN THE END PRODUCT.
DID EVOLUTION SAY TO ITSELF, “WELL NOW, PUTTING ALL THIS HUGE LANGUAGE OF DNA TOGETHER, THERE IS BOUND TO BE AN ERROR HERE AND THERE, SO WE BETTER MAKE A LITTLE MACHINE THAT RUNS LONG THE STRAND OF DNA TO CORRECT THE ERROR.”
HOW DOES THE LITTLE MACHINE KNOW WHAT AND HOW TO CORRECT?
THEN HOW DID THE SPIDER KNOW EXACTLY HOW TO MAKE ITS SILK FOR THE PURPOSE OF HOW IT WOULD LIVE. SO MANY THINGS WOULD HAVE TO BE JUST RIGHT, ALL COME INTO PLAY AT THE SAME TIME, OR THE WEB WOULD FAIL AS A PLACE TO LIVE, BREED, AND CAPTURE ITS FOOD.
HOW DID THE SPIDER EVEN THINK AND KNOW WHAT USE THIS SILK WAS FOR, THAT EVOLUTION MADE IN ITS BODY. HOW DID THE MIND OF THE SPIDER RECOGNIZE “O THIS STUFF INSIDE ME IS FOR ME TO PUSH OUT AND MAKE MY SPIDER WEB, AND THIS IS HOW I’LL DO IT.”
THE SPIDER KNOWS EXACTLY HOW TO PHYSICALLY ENGINEER THE WEB. IF HE DID NOT DO IT CORRECTLY THE FIRST TIME, HIS HOME WOULD CRASH, NO MATING, NO FOOD, AND SO NO SPIDER. IF HE GOT TWO THINGS CORRECT, BUT NOT THE THIRD, HOW DID HE PASS ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION HIS MISTAKE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT.
DOES DNA HAVE ITS OWN MIND, WHICH SAYS, “WELL I GOT 2 OF THE 3 CORRECT FOR THIS SPIDER TO LIVE, SO I SEE WHERE MY DNA IS INCORRECT ON THIS 3RD AREA, SO I’LL TELL MY LITTLE CORRECTING MACHINE WHAT TO DO TO CORRECT THE DNA FOR THE 3RD AREA AND I CAN CONTINUE TO LIVE, REPRODUCE AND EAT.”
THEN WE STILL HAVE THIS PROTEIN STUFF TOGETHER WITH ALL THESE AMINO ACIDS TO PUT TOGETHER CORRECTLY TO DO WHAT MUST BE DONE TO CONTINUE THIS LIFE FORM LIVING CORRECTLY, FUNCTIONING IN EVERY PART OF THIS LIFE FORM CORRECTLY.
WHO DECIDED THERE WOULD BE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND NOT 10, OR 15, OR 25?
WHY DID EVOLUTION DECIDE HUMANS WOULD HAVE ONLY THE ABILITY TO MAKE IN THE BODY, ONLY 12 OF THE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND HAVE TO GET THE REST FROM FOODS. IF EVOLUTION COULD HAVE PLANTS MAKING ALL 20 AMINO ACIDS WHY NOT THE HUMANS.
AND IF THE AMINO ACIDS NEED TO BE PUT TOGETHER CORRECTLY, AS THEY DO, FOR THE CORRECT FUNCTION OF THIS AND THAT, HOW DID IT ALL TAKE PLACE? IF IT WAS MESSED UP, IF IT TOOK MILLIONS OF YEARS TO GET IT CORRECT, HOW DID THE LIVING THING MANAGE TO LIVE? AND AGAIN WHY DO WE NOT FIND IN FOSSILS ALL KINDS OF MIXED UP AND STRANGE HALF THIS AND QUARTER THAT, ONE EIGHT THIS, THREE EIGHT THAT, FOUR EIGHT THIS OTHER—— AND SO ON AS GENES, DNA, PROTEINS, AMINO ACIDS, DUPLICATION, MUTATIONS, ETC. ALL BOUNCING AROUND IN ALL KINDS OF SHAPES AND SIZES, AS ALL THESE MINUTE PLAYERS OF EVERYTHING LIVING, WAS TRYING TO GET ITSELF IN CORRECT ORDER, TO HAVE THE NEAT AND COMPLETE STRUCTURE OF THE LIVING THINGS WE HAVE ON EARTH TODAY.
THE ORDER OF FLOWERS TO PRODUCE POLLEN HAD TO BE THERE CORRECTLY FROM THE START, AND THE BEES HAD TO HAVE ALL THEIR PARTS CORRECT IN ORDER TO BE POLLINATORS TO THE VARIOUS FLOWERS. IF EITHER ONE WAS NOT CORRECT THERE WOULD BE NO CORRECT RESULT. WHY IN THE FIRST PLACE DO FLOWERS AND BEES GO TOGETHER. DOES EVOLUTION HAVE A MIND? DOES IT SAY, “NOW I THINK I WILL MAKE FLOWERS TO GO WITH BEES THAT I WILL MAKE.”
THE MORE WE LEARN ABOUT GENETICS AND DNA AND ALL THAT IS PART OF MAKING CORRECT NORMAL LIFE IN ALL OF ITS THOUSANDS OF FORMS, THE MORE WE FIND HOW COMPLICATED AND INTRICATE [IN VARYING DEGREES] LIFE FORMS ARE FROM EACH OTHER, WHILE ALL FOLLOWING A BASIC GENETIC STRUCTURE—— THIS GOING WITH THAT, THAT GOING WITH THIS; ONE THING DEPENDING ON THIS OTHER THING; THIS HAVING TO MOVE UP TO THE NEXT, THE NEXT MOVING TO THIS OTHER—— TO FINALLY HAVE THE CORRECT END RESULT.
IT IS ALL A ONE, TWO, THREE ETC. MOVEMENT TO GO TO THIS TO THAT, TO FINALLY END IN A GOOD NORMAL PERFECT STRUCTURE.
JUST LOOKING AROUND AT THE PHYSICAL WORLD OF OUR PLANET EARTH, SHOULD TELL YOU THAT THERE IS A CREATOR BEHIND IT ALL.
GOING DOWN INTO THE DEPTHS OF GENETICS AND DNA, SHOULD ALSO TELL YOU THERE IS A CREATOR BEHIND IT ALL.
TRULY ONLY THE FOOL HAS SAID IN HIS HEART THERE IS NO GOD!
THE WONDER OF GENES, DNA, Part 3
FROM THE 4 DVD SET I HAVE - 24 HALF HOUR LECTURES BY A Ph.D. FELLOW, PRODUCED AND SOLD BY THE TEACHING COMPANY.
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IN THE LAST TWO LECTURES I’VE DESCRIBED HOW GENES COMPOSED OF DNA, ARE EXPRESSED OUTWARDLY AS THE PHENA-TYPE, WHICH I DEFINED AS PROTEINS.
PROTEIN HAS AMINO-ACIDS THAT ALLOW PROTEIN TO FOLD AND HAVE A FUNCTION.
IN THIS LECTURE I’D LIKE TO DESCRIBE HOW THIS HAPPENS - HOW THE INFORMATION GETS TRANSFERRED FROM DNA TO PROTEIN.
A POISON CALLED “RICIN” IS EXTRACTED FROM THE CASTOR BEAN PLANT.
AS A KID MY MOTHER WOULD GIVE ME CASTOR-OIL - IT WAS THE VILEST THING I’D EVER TASTED.
RICIN WAS USED BY THE IRAQIS IN THEIR WAR WITH IRAN.
IN 2002 SOME RICIN WAS FOUND IN CAVES IN AFGHANISTAN BY ALCADA.
IN 2004 TRACES WERE FOUND IN D.C. BUILDING - THE PLACE WAS CLOSED DOWN.
ONE TENTH OF A THOUSAND OF AN OUNCE CAN KILL A PERSON.
HOW? IT WORKS BY INHIBITING GENE EXPRESSION.
THE CASTOR-BEAN PLANT MAKES RICIN AS A STORAGE IN ITS SEEDS.
IT INHIBITS THE PROTEIN TO NOT BE EXPRESSED.
RICIN EFFECTS THE RIBOSOME - THE PLACE WHERE PROTEIN WILL BE MADE, WHICH IS OUTSIDE THE CENTER WHERE THE DNA IS.
NO PROTEIN, NO EXPRESSION - THE CELL DIES - PEOPLE DIE.
TRANSLATING INFORMATION IN THE GENE [DNA] AS ITS EXPRESSION [PROTEIN]
1. PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION
2. INFORMATION SIGNALS FOR PROTEIN
3. THE GENETIC CODE
WE HAVE SEEN HOW GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN PROTEIN - THIS BRINGS A BIG CHEMICAL PROBLEM, BECAUSE GENES [DNA] ARE REALLY DIFFERENT THAN PROTEINS. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA ARE CHEMICALS TOTALLY DIFFERENT THAN THEIR EXPRESSION AS PROTEINS.
IT’S LIKE SAYING ENGLISH IS DIFFERENT THAN HEBREW - THE LETTERS LOOK DIFFERENT, AND EVEN READING IS LEFT TO RIGHT IN ENGLISH, AND RIGHT TO LEFT IN HEBREW.
PROTEINS ARE COMPOSED OF AMINO-ACIDS AND ARE PRETTY REGULAR IN THEIR LINEAR STRUCTURE.
DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX - COMPOSED OF NUCLEAR-TIES; NITROGEN, SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, AS A BACK-BONE, WITH THESE FOUR CHEMICALS—— ADENINE [A], THYMINE [T], GUANINE [G], CYTOSINE [C].
THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS IN PROTEIN NOT JUST 4.
THE MOLECULE STRUCTURES ARE DIFFERENT - NOT AT ALL LOOKING ALIKE.
PROTEINS FOLD IN A ZIG-ZAG STRUCTURE, WHEN IN WATER - BEADS ON A CHAIN — /\/\/\/\/\/\/\
DIFFERENT PLACES
DNA AND PROTEINS ARE LOCATED IN DIFFERENT PLACES IN THE CELL.
DNA IS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE CELL.
PROTEINS ALL OVER THE CELL, AND ALSO IN THE NUCLEUS, EVERYWHERE, AS VITAL FUNCTIONS AS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ENZYMES, PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSIONS OF GENES.
DNA IS LINEAR SEQUENCE
PROTEINS ARE 3-DIMENSION SEQUENCE
PROTEIN IS MADE IN A DIFFERENT LOCATION FROM DNA.
PROTEIN IS MADE AT THE RIBOSOME - A SMALL PART OUTSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS.
WE KNOW THIS BECAUSE WE CAN TAKE A CELL AND FEED IT AMINO-ACIDS THAT ARE LABELED IN SOME WAY, SAY A MINO-ACID WITH RED DYE. IF YOU CATCH A PROTEIN JUST BEING MADE, YOU’LL CATCH IT AT THE RIBOSOME, FAR AWAY FROM DNA.
SO WE HAVE A GEOGRAPHICAL AND CHEMICAL PROBLEM!
INFORMATION SIGNALS ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
SO DNA HAS TO SEND SOME INFORMATION AND SIGNALS FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; DNA MUST SEND THESE OUT TO THE RIBOSOME.
TWO WAYS TO LOOK AT IT——
1. GENE/DNA GOES OUT OF THE NUCLEUS AND SAYS, “I HAVE INFORMATION TO MAKE THIS PROTEIN; DO IT NOW.”
2. THE DNA SAYS, “WELL I’VE GOT A THOUSAND GENES PER CHROMOSOME AND 23 CHROMOSOMES. AND IT WOULD NOT MAKE SENSE FOR A 1,000 GENES TO BE MADE AT ONCE, TO BE TRANSLATED INTO PROTEIN. SO IF WE’RE ONLY GOING TO EXPRESS OR TRANSLATE A COUPLE OF THESE GENES, WHY NOT JUST SEND A COPY OF THE DNA, AND THE ORIGINAL DNA CAN STAY IN THE NUCLEUS.”
THINK OF IT THIS WAY——
A HOUSE BUILDING FIRM, IT HAS ALL THE BLUE-PRINTS OF ALL THE HOUSES IT IS WORKING ON TO BUILD, AT ITS HEAD-OFFICE BUILDING. THE FIRM WILL SEND A COPY OF THE BLUE-PRINT OUT TO ALL THE HOUSES IT IS BUILDING; THE ORIGINAL BLUE-PRINT WILL STAY AT THE FIRM’S HEAD-OFFICE.
THINK OF DNA EXPRESSION IN THE SAME WAY.
A COPY OF THE DNA IS SENT OUT TO THE RIBOSOME.
NOW THE EXACT CHEMICAL NATURE OF THIS COPY IS NOT QUITE THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL DNA. A DIFFERENT MOLECULE— CALLED— RNA.
RNA—— RIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA——- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
THE SUGAR IS DIFFERENT ALSO
RNA SUGAR—— RIBOS
DNA SUGAR—— DEOXIRIBOS
RNA IS A SINGLE STRAND NOT A DOUBLE STRAND AS IS DNA.
VERY IMPORTANT
SINGLE STRAND EXPOSES THE BEADS HANGING DOWN FROM ITS BACK-BONE.
DNA - DOUBLE HELIX BEADS ARE NOT EXPOSED - BACKBONE IS ON EITHER SIDE, BEADS LOOSELY FITTING TOGETHER——
A WITH T
G WITH C
RNA IS ACTING AS A MESSENGER FROM DNA, SO WE CALL IT messengerRNA OR mRNA.
THE LANGUAGE IS STILL IN NUCLEAR TIES - IN BASES.
THE ENZIME THAT CATALYSES THE PRODUCTION OF RNA FROM DNA HAS A NAME—— RNA POLYMERASE LIKE DNA POLYMERASE. AND IT MAKES A BASE PAIRED COPY FROM DNA.
WHAT DO I MEAN BY THAT?
CONSIDER THE BASE PAIRS IN DNA—— A + T G + C
THEY FIT INTO EACH OTHER——
AAAAAA
TTTTTT
LET’S SAY THE INFORMATION CONTENT IS IN THAT FIRST STRAND—— AAAAAA
RNA DNA
A T A
A T A
A T A
A T A
A T A
A T A
THAT MOLECULE COPY [RNA] GOES OUT TO THE RIBOSOME.
DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED
WHY?
DOUBLE STRANDED ALLOWS FOR ITS DUPLICATION.
THE NEW STRANDS HAVE A COMPLIMENT FROM THE OLD STRAND.
IF ONE STRAND ONLY YOU COULD NOT UN-ZIP AND YOU COULD NOT GET A COMPLIMENT STRAND IF ONLY AAAAAA
REPLICATING AAAAAA
GIVES YOU AAAAAA
YOU HAVE NO TTTTTT
IT IS NICE THAT DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED!
SO WE HAVE OUR AAAAAA GOING OUT OF THE NUCLEUS TO THE RIBOSOME.
HOW DOES IT GET THERE?
WELL THERE’S LOTS OF MECHANICS GOING ON HERE IN THE NUCLEUS.
LITTLE HOLES AND ……
PEOPLE HAVE STUDIED IT; ALL COMPLEX MECHANICS; IT’S NOT FOR THIS STUDY.
BUT THERE IS AN IMPORTANT FACT HERE WE HAVE TO ADDRESS.
EACH CHROMOSOME PIECE OF THE DNA, OF THE 23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS IN A HUMAN GENENO HAS OVER 100 MILLION BASE PAIRS!
WE ONLY EXPRESS SMALL PARTS OF A GENE AT GIVEN TIMES - WE DO NOT EXPRESS ALL AT ALL TIMES.
EXAMPLE:
YOU DO NOT MAKE HEMOGLOBIN IN YOUR HAIR; YOU DO NOT MAKE HAIR IN YOUR BONE MARROW.
WE DO HAVE THE GENES FOR MAKING THEM.
SO A LONG CHROMOSOME MIGHT HAVE BOTH OF THEM.
WHAT IS GOING TO MAKE OR EXPRESS ONE BUGT NOT THE OTHER?
THERE HAS TO BE AN INFORMATION SIGNAL AND THAT SIGNAL HAS TO BE IN THE DNA ITSELF.
End Quote
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MORE NEXT TIME
ARE YOU FOLLOWING IT ALL; PRETTY COMPLICATED STUFF IN US AND HOW WE ARE MADE.
WHY HAVE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS IN THE GENE CELL? IT MEANS EVOLUTION HAD TO SAY TO ITSELF, “WELL AS I’M PUTTING THINGS TOGETHER TO EXPRESS ALL THIS INFORMATION, I’LL PUT IT IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS, AND WITH THAT I’VE GOT TO INVENT A CARRIER TO GO FROM A TO B, SOMETHING MECHANICAL.
THEN EVOLUTION WENT FROM 4 CHEMICALS IN DNA LANGUAGE TO PUTTING IN 20 AMINO-ACIDS TO MOVE ON TO EXPRESSING THE INFORMATION IN DNA.
THEN IT HAD TO FIGURE WHAT PARTS TO EXPRESS, SO HAIR DOES NOT GROW OUT OF YOUR EYE-BALL, OR BONE-MARROW.
ARE YOU SEEING THE MARVEL, THE WONDER, OF MAKING A LIVING PERSON, AND ALSO A LIVING HORSE, AS OPPOSED TO A COW, OR A DUCK, OR AN EAGLE, OR A DOLPHIN?
ALL LIFE FORMS HAVE A BASIC FOUNDATION—— GENES AND DNA THAT HAS TO BE EXPRESSED, AND EXPRESSED RIGHTLY SO A HORSE IS A HORSE, A COW IS A COW, AND NOT A MESS-UP THAT ENDS UP AS SOME FREAKISH MIX OF THE TWO.
WHY 20 AMENO-ACIDS INVOLVED? WHY DO HUMANS ONLY PRODUCE 12 OF THEM, AND WE HAVE TO GET THE REST FROM OUT DIET?
DID EVOLUTION SAY TO ITSELF, “I WILL KEEP THE BLUEPRINT OF THE DNA WE WILL EXPRESS, WHERE IT IS AND MAKE A COPY TO SEND OUT TO THE EXPRESSION DEPARTMENT.” I MEAN HOW DOES SOMETHING LIKE THAT HAPPEN WHEN WE KNOW EVOLUTION DOES NOT HAVE A MIND TO THINK WITH AND REASON AND PLAN?
HOW DID AND DOES EVOLUTION KNOW HOW TO EXPRESS JUST PARTS OF DNA, PART OF THE GENE, THE PARTS THAT WILL MAKE A HUMAN, OR A HORSE, OR COW, OR AN EAGLE, OR A DOLPHIN AND SO FORTH, IN THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME, SO HAIR DOES NOT GROW OUT OF YOUR EYEBALL, A FINGER DOES NOT GROW OUT OF YOUR NOSE ETC.
ONLY A CREATOR GOD COULD DO ALL THIS, AND THEN ALSO SAY “AFTER ITS KIND” SHALL IT EXIST; YOU CAN NOT CROSS A HORSE WITH A COW, AND ETC. AND ETC.
THE WONDERS OF NATURE ARE INDEED MIND-BLOWING!
THE WONDERS OF NATURE PROVE THEIR IS A GOD WHO CAN CREATE ALL THERE IS IN THE UNIVERSE.
TRULY AS THE HOLY BIBLE SAYS, ONLY THE FOOL HAS SAID IN HIS HEART THERE IS NO GOD.
THE WONDER OF GENETICS AND DNA——— Part #4
WE CONTINUE WITH THE LECTURES FROM A Ph.D. MAN, FROM THE TEACHING COMPANY, ON THE MIND-BENDING SUBJECT OF “GENETICS AND DNA.”
This part gets into some nitty-gritty of it all, somewhat harder to follow— but very revealing!
Quote:
SO A GENE IS NOT JUST A SEQUENCE OF INFORMATION, WHICH DETERMINES WHAT PROTEIN IS GOING TO BE MADE, AND THE ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS, AND THE ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS IN THAT PROTEIN.
A GENE HAS TO HAVE A SEQUENCE ADJACENT TO IT, THAT SAYS, FOR EXAMPLE, “TURN ME ON IN THE RED BLOOD CELL AND NOT IN THE HAIR.”
THAT SEQUENCE IS A GROUP OF NUCLEOTIDES THAT’S DIFFERENT FROM THE HAIR GENE THAN THE HEMOGLOBIN GENE.
AND THAT SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IS CALLED A PROMOTER.
THIS IS A SIGNAL SEQUENCE FOR GENE EXPRESSION.
A PROMOTER IS A SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES THAT IS RECOGNIZED BY PROTEINS.
WHAT DO I MEAN BY THAT?
I’VE GIVEN YOU THE IMPRESSION THAT IN TERMS OF INFORMATION THAT, INFORMATION CONTENT DNA IS PRETTY IMPORTANT - THE A T G C LANGUAGE IS GREAT.
NOW I’M TELLING YOU THAT A T G C AND SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES ALSO IS 3 DIMENSION INFORMATION THAT PROTEINS FOLD ON A 3 DIMENSION NATURE.
SO IF WE HAVE A PROTEIN CALLED RNA POLYMER RAYS, THOSE WILL LAND ON DNA ONLY AT THAT PROMOTER REGION.
THAT’S NOT HELPING US AT ALL, FOR RNA POLYMER RAYS WILL LAND AT THE PROMOTER FOR HAIR IN MY BONE MARROW. BONE MARROW WILL START MAKING HAIR, SO LANDING JUST ANYWHERE WILL PRODUCE BAD RESULTS.
PROMOTERS ATTRACT OTHER PROTEINS—— IT IS CALLED A COMPLEX.
MAYBE DUE TO THE PEOPLE WHO STUDY THIS THING—— PSYCHOLOGICALLY, BUT IT’S A COMPLEX OF PROTEINS THAT LAND THERE.
EXAMPLE:
HEMOGLOBIN IS MADE IN RED BLOOD CELLS, THERE’S A HORMONE THAT STIMULATES THIS. THAT’S GOING TO BE THE BIG DIFFERENCE!
THE HORMONES ENTER THE RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW, AND THE HORMONE BINDS TO THE MOLECULES IN THE BONE MARROW, AND TOGETHER THEY GO INTO THE NUCLEUS AND BIND TO THE PROMOTER. AND WITH THE RNA POLYMER RAYS THEY SAY “MAKE THE COPY HERE.”
THAT’S REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT SAYS THE PROMOTER IS THAT WHICH DIFFERENTIATES AND STIMULATES ONE CELL AND GENE FROM ANOTHER.
THIS PROCESS OF MAKING A RNA COPY GENE IS DUE TO THE PROMOTER AND THE SPECIFIC NATURE OF THE PROMOTER—— IS DNA TRANSCRIPTION.
D N A
R N A IS THE COPY BY THE PROMOTER.
NEXT STAGE IS DNA TRANSLATION
NOW WE HAVE AN RNA COPY AT THE RIBOSOME AND WE’RE GOING TO TRANSLATE THAT INTO AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS.
THIS IS DONE BY BRINGING THE AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOME.
AND HOW IS THIS GOING TO BE ACCOMPLISHED?
BY ANOTHER TYPE OF RNA CALLED tRNA—— TRANSFER-RNA.
tRNA GRABS THE AMINO ACIDS THERE IN THE CELL, BRINGING IT TO THE RIBOSOME AND THE TRANSFER RNA MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES, BEING OPPOSITE TO tRNA.
SO mRNA HAS SAY A A A
transferRNA HAS THE OPPOSITE NUCLEOTIDES AND WILL BIND TO IT.
THIS LANGUAGE IS CALLED GENETIC CODE— CODE WORDS WITH 3 BASES EACH.
LET US SAY THE LANGUAGE WAS ONLY ONE BASE.
mRNA - EVERY TIME THERE WAS AN “A” YOU WOULD BRING IN AMINO ACID #1.
4 DIFFERENT NUCLEOTIDES = 4 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS.
THAT’S NOT GOING TO WORK! YOU HAVE 20 AMINO ACIDS, YOU NEED 20 DIFFERENT WORDS IN THE
mRNA [messengerRN] TO BRING 20 AMINO ACIDS.
OKAY THERE ARE 4 BASS, LET’S MAKE 2 LETTERS,
A A GA GC - 16 POSSIBILITIES; NO THAT’S NOT GOING TO WORK EITHER.
WE NEED AT LEAST 20 DIFFERENT WORDS.
AND WE HAVE 20 IF WE HAVE 64.
SO IF THERE ARE 4 X 4 X 4 OR 3 NUCLEOTIDES IN THE CODE WORD IN mRNA, WE CAN ESSENTIALLY GET THE LANGUAGE WE NEED.
HOW THE CODE CAME TO US
THE CODE WAS DISCOVERED AND GIVEN TO US IN 1961 BY A FELLOW NAMED MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG [B. 1927].
HE TOOK A TEST TUBE AND ADDED EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO MAKE PROTEINS, EXCEPT mRNA, AND WHEN HE PUT IN mRNA JUST CONTAINING UUUUUUUUU IN mRNA WHICH IS EQUIVALENT TTTTTTTTT - A DIFFERENT NUCLEOTIDE——
HE ASKED “WHICH AMINO ACID WILL BE PUT INTO THE PROTEIN?”
AND IT TURNED OUT TO BE THE AMINO ACID PHENYLALANINE.
NEXT HE PUT IN AAAAAAAAA AND HE GOT LYSINE.
THEN HE TRIDE CCCCCCCCC
AND HE GOT THE AMINO ACID PROLINE.
AND THIS WAY HE DECIPHERED THE CODE, WITH THESE ARTIFICIAL TEST TUBE WITH mRNA.
NIRENBERG WAS YOUNG, QUIET, NOT AT ALL PUSHY; HE WAS AT THE 1961 INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY IN MOSCOW. HE PRESENTED HIS EXPERIMENT TO AN AUDIENCE OF LESS THAN 10 PEOPLE. NO ONE EVER HEARD OF HIM.
IN THE AUDIENCE WAS CRICK OF WATSON AND CRICK FAME.
CRICK HAD SEEN THE TITLE OF THE LECTURE AND THOUGHT MAYBE THIS FELLOW HAS CRACKED OPEN THE GENETIC CODE.
CRICK SAID TO HIM, “WOULD YOU LIKE TO GIVE YOUR TALK AGAIN TOMORROW MORNING?” IT WAS THE LAST DAY OF THE CONFERENCE.
“WELL, I WAS GOING TO LEAVE, BUT …. OKAY I’LL GIVE IT AGAIN.”
2,000 TURNED UP TO HEAR HIM; THEY GAVE HIM A STANDING OVATION.
ABOUT 2 YEARS LATER HE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE!
THERE ARE CODE WORDS FOR 20 AMINO ACIDS.
HERE’S A CHART OF GENETIC CODE ……
DNA MAKES THE mDNA WHICH HAS THE CODE WORD, WHICH DETERMINES THE ORDER OF THE AMINO ACIDS, AND THE CODE IS IN THE mRNA.
THE CODE IS VIRTUALLY UNIVERSAL FOR ALL LIFE ON EARTH.
WE USE THE SAME GENETIC CODE AS COCONUTS, AND AS BACTERIA—— WE HAVE A COMMON LANGUAGE.
THIS IMPLIES WE ARE ALL RELATED IN SOME WAY; WE CALL IT DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION.
HUMANS ARE ALL ALIKE WITH GENETIC MODIFICATION—— LOOK AROUND, WE ARE ALL DIFFERENT IN CERTAIN WAYS, BUT WE ALL HAVE THE SAME GENETICS.
IT TAKES ABOUT ONE MINUTE FOR A CELL TO MAKE A PROTEIN WITH 500 AMINO ACIDS—— THINGS ARE MOVING FAST DOWN THERE.
GENETIC CODING EXPLAINS THE PHENOMENON OF MUTATION.
CONSIDER THE DISEASE PHENYLKETONURIA [PKU].
IT IS GENETICALLY INHERITED— A GENE CODES FOR A DEFECTIVE ENZIME— MENTAL RETARDATION IS THE RESULT.
MUTATION IN PKU
NORMAL PKU
Length of Protein 451 Amino Acids 451 Amino Acids
DNA at codon 408 xxxCGGxxx xxxTGGxxx
xxxGCCxxx xxxACCxxx
mRNA at codon 408 CGG UGG
Amino Acid at position 408 Arginine Trytophan
Active Enzyme Yes No
ONE ABNORMAL AMINO ACID OUT OF 451 CAUSES THE PROTEIN TO FOLD IN A CERTAIN WAY……
ONE BASE PAIR CHANGE C TO A T OUT OF 3 BILLION IN THE GENENOM CAUSES ALL THE CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS DISEASE.
GENETICAL MUTATION IS——
A CHANGE IN BASE[S] IN DNA
C TO A T etc.
GENETIC CAPACITY—— THE PRESENCE OF DNA SEQUENCES THAT CODE FOR PROTEINS WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS.
End quote
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WELL DONE IF YOU WERE ABLE TO FOLLOW ALL THAT.
THE HUMAN BODY IS INDEED WONDERFULLY MADE.
THIS MUST GO WITH THAT; THAT MUST GO WITH THIS; TWO TOGETHER DO THIS IN THE RIGHT PLACE TO DO IT; ALL THE A T G C MUST BE IN THE RIGHT ORDER; THE AMINO AIDS MUST LINE UP CORRECTLY.
THERE IS INFORMATION STORAGE DNA; THERE IS UN-ZIPPING AND REPLICATING; THERE IS COPYING; THERE IS THE MOVING OUT OF THE CELL INTO THE RIBOSOME.
THERE IS ALL THIS VERY INTRICATE STUFF GOING ON IN CELLS, PROTEIN, AMINO ACIDS, ENZYMES, THIS JOINING WITH THAT.
WE HAVE LITTLE MACHINES RUNNING UP AND DOWN OUR DNA TO CORRECT MISTAKES.
IN ALL WE HAVE SEEN IN JUST THESE 4 STUDIES, SHOULD BE ENOUGH TO BLOW OUR MINDS; IT IS WONDER UPON WONDER.
ALL THIS SHOULD PROVE THAT AN INTELLIGENT MIND WAS BEHIND IT ALL; IT SHOULD PROVE A BEING WE CALL “GOD” DOES EXIST.
SOMETHING THAT IS SO COMPLEX AS THE HUMAN BODY, AND HOW IT MUST ALL FIT CORRECTLY TOGETHER, TO PRODUCE WHAT WE CALL “NORMAL” FUNCTION; YET WITH THAT “NORMAL” IS THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE VARIOUS TALENTS, GIFTS AND ABILITIES, ALL THE WAY UP TO WHAT WE TERM “GENIUS”—— ALL THIS SHOULD HUMBLE US TO THE ACKNOWLEDGING THERE IS A GOD, WHO NOT ONLY MADE ALL THINGS ON THIS BLUE PLANET CALLED EARTH, BUT ALSO MADE AND SUSTAINS THE WHOLE UNIVERSE WITH ITS BILLIONS OF GALAXIES, FLYING APART FROM EACH OTHER AT AN EVER FASTER SPEED.
LIFE CAN ONLY COME FROM LIFE!
YOU CAN NOT TAKE A SLIVER OF ROCK OR WOOD AND MAKE IT COME TO LIFE.
LIFE COMES ONLY FROM LIFE.
ALL LIFE IS RELATED; YES GOD SAID TO MAN, FROM THE GROUND YOU ARE TAKEN AND TO THE GROUND YOU SHALL GO.
SO WE HAVE LIFE THAT PRODUCES AFTER ITS KIND; A HORSE CAN NEVER BECOME AN EAGLE; A LION CAN NEVER BECOME A RABBIT; A SPIDER CAN NEVER BECOME A DOLPHIN AND ETC.
BUT WHAT MAKES MANKIND DIFFERENT FROM ALL OTHER LIFE FORMS?
ANIMALS SMALL AND HUGE HAVE “BRAINS” - WE AS HUMAN BEINGS HAVE A BRAIN. BUT ONLY THE HUMAN CAN PRODUCE ENCYCLOPEDIAS, AND SPACESHIPS, AND THE COMPUTER AND SMART PHONES. THERE IS SOMETHING IN MANKIND THAT MAKES US DIFFERENT FROM ALL THINGS ON THIS EARTH. THE BIBLE CALLS IT “THE SPIRIT IN MAN.”
I HAVE A FULL DETAILED STUDY ON MY WEBSITE CALLED “THE SPIRIT IN MAN.”
THEN YOU NEED ALSO TO STUDY MY STUDY CALLED “A CHRISTIAN’S DESTINY” AND LEARN THE WONDERFUL MIND-BLOWING REASON WHY THE ETERNAL GOD MADE MANKIND.
Keith Hunt
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