United States presidential election, 1860
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| Presidential Election 1860. Red shows states won by Lincoln, greenby Breckinridge, orange by Bell, and blue by Douglas Numbers are Electoral College votes in each state by the 1850 Census. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The United States presidential election of 1860 was the 19th quadrennial presidential election. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860 and served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southernfactions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of a divided opposition, the Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a majority of the electoral votes, putting Abraham Lincoln in the White House with almost no support from the South.
Before Lincoln's inauguration, seven Southern states declared their secession and later formed the Confederacy. Secessionists from four additionalBorder states joined them when Lincoln's call to restore federal property in the South forced them to take sides, and two states, Kentucky and Missouri, attempted to remain neutral. At the 1864 election, the Union had admitted Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada as free-soil states, while the Civil War disrupted the entire electoral process in the South, as that no electoral votes were cast by any of the eleven states that had joined the Confederacy.
Historical background[edit]
Main article: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
Further information: Origins of the American Civil War
 | This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2012) |
The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, competing understandings of federalism, party politics, expansionism,sectionalism, tariffs, and economics. After the Mexican-American War, the issue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850. While the compromise averted an immediate political crisis, it did not permanently resolve the issue of The Slave Power (the power of slaveholders to control the national government).
Amid the emergence of increasingly virulent and hostile sectional ideologies in national politics, the collapse of the old Second Party System in the 1850s hampered efforts of the politicians to reach yet another compromise. The result was the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which alienated Northerners and Southerners alike. With the rise of the Republican Party, which appealed to both Northeast and Western states, the industrializing North and agrarian Midwest became committed to the economic ethos of free-labor industrial capitalism. The Kansas–Nebraska Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois. The initial purpose of the Kansas Nebraska Act was to open up many thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. It became problematic when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal so that the voters of the moment would decide whether slavery would be allowed. The result was that pro and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, leading to a bloody civil war there. Douglas hoped popular sovereignty would enable democracy to triumph, so he would not have to take a side on the issue of slavery. A wave of indignation erupted across the North as anti-slavery elements cried betrayal, for Kansas had been officially closed to slavery since the Missouri Compromise and that Compromise was now repealed because of popular sovereignty. Opponents denounced the law as a triumph of the hated "slave power" that is the political power of the rich slave owners, who would buy up the best lands in Kansas leaving ordinary men with the leftovers. The new Republican party which was created in opposition to the act aimed to stop the expansion of slavery and soon emerged as the dominant political party in the North.
Nominations[edit]
National (Northern) Democratic[edit]
Main article: 1860 Democratic National Convention
National (Northern) Democratic candidates:
At the convention in Charleston's Institute Hall in April 1860, 51 Southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute. The extreme pro-slavery "Fire-Eater" William Lowndes Yancey and the Alabama delegation first left the hall, followed by the delegates of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware.
Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, James Guthrie of Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter of Virginia, Joseph Lane of Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. Three other candidates, Isaac Toucey of Connecticut, James Pearce of Maryland, and Jefferson Davis of Mississippi (the future president of the Confederate States) also received votes. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored "popular sovereignty", was ahead on the first ballot, needing 56.5 more votes. On the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but still 51.5 votes short of nomination. In desperation, the delegates agreed on May 3 to stop voting and adjourn the convention.
WIKIPEDIA GIVES A HUGE DETAILED ELECTION INFORMATION. WHICH I WILL NOT REPRODUCE.
WE NEED TO NOTE THIS:
WIKIPEDIA
The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, competing understandings of federalism, party politics, expansionism,sectionalism, tariffs, and economics. After the Mexican-American War, the issue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850. While the compromise averted an immediate political crisis, it did not permanently resolve the issue of The Slave Power (the power of slaveholders to control the national government).......
WIKIPEDIA GIVES A HUGE DETAILED ELECTION INFORMATION. WHICH I WILL NOT REPRODUCE.
WE NEED TO NOTE THIS:
WIKIPEDIA
The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, competing understandings of federalism, party politics, expansionism,sectionalism, tariffs, and economics. After the Mexican-American War, the issue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850. While the compromise averted an immediate political crisis, it did not permanently resolve the issue of The Slave Power (the power of slaveholders to control the national government).......
Effects of the Civil War[edit]
The 1860 election was one of the last significant events that propelled the United States towards the Civil War. Since Lincoln had won without a single Southern state, the South began to believe that they had an extremely insignificant voice and representation in governmental elections. Since Lincoln was not on the voting ballot in ten southern states, Southerners were outraged that he was elected;[44] above that, most believed that he was going to abolish slavery because he ran upon the Republican platform. The slave states were enraged that Lincoln was now president; without slaves, which were the main source of agricultural labor, the Southern economy would be severely damaged. Believing that their votes had no say in elections, the Southern states decided to secede before Lincoln's inauguration.
See also[edit]
- American election campaigns in the 19th century
- Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln
- History of the United States (1849–1865)
- History of the United States Democratic Party
- History of the United States Republican Party
- John Hanks
- Third Party System
- United States House of Representatives elections, 1860
- United States Senate elections, 1860
- Wide Awakes
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