NEW TESTAMENT BIBLE STORY
Paul's letter to the Philippians
This introduction is taken from the New KJV Personal Study Bible: 1990,1995 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Philippians, Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon are called the Prison Epistles because Paul wrote them while in prison. AUTHOR AND DATE The letter is clearly identified as written by Paul (1:1). That authorship has never been seriously questioned. There has been frequent and vigorous debate, however, over the date as well as the place of writing. The traditional view has been that Paul wrote Philippians between A.D. 61 and 63 from Rome. Philippians 1:12-20 indicates that Paul was in prison. The references to the palace guard (1:13) and Caesar's household (4:22) fit with a Roman imprisonment. In addition, Paul's statements in 1:12-20 and 4:22 strongly suggest that the imprisonment was fairly long. Thus this letter appears to have been written sometime after the beginning of Paul's imprisonment recorded in Acts 28. Recently some scholars have suggested that Philippians was written about A.D. 55 during Paul's ministry In Ephesus (Acts 19: 20) or about A.D. 56-61 during his imprisonment at Caesarea (Acts 24-26). They point out that the terms "Caesar's household" and "palace guard," important evidence for a Roman imprisonment, could instead refer to Roman authorities in provincial cities like Ephesus or Caesarea. Those who argue for Ephesus point out that the frequent travels between Paul's prison and Philippi implied by 1:26; 2:19; 23-26; 4:18 suggest that Paul was nearer to Philippi than a Roman imprisonment would allow. However, Acts does not mention Paul's being in prison in Ephesus. Although Acts mentions a Caesarean Imprisonment, Caesarea was farther from Philippi than Rome. Reasonably swift travel was possible between Rome and Philippi, which was on a main road, the Via Egnatia. Therefore, the traditional view that this letter was written from Rome sometime between A.D. 61 and 63 is preferred. BACKGROUND Acts 16:11-40 provides the dramatic story of this church. Paul and his companions were on the second missionary journey and wished to go into northern Asia Minor. However, Paul received a vision of a Macedonian (northern Greece) asking for help. Thus the gospel came to Europe. Philippi was located strategically on the Roman road system in northern Greece thus it was the first place in Macedonia where Paul preached. In 31 B.C. Augustus made the city a Roman colony. Such a status conferred Roman citizenship and all its privileges, on the town's inhabitants. Many of the Philippians were former Roman soldiers who had received land in the area after their discharge. Consequently, they had a pride in being Roman and in conducting their affairs according to the law of Rome. Paul makes excellent use of this background both in his actions recorded in Acts 16:37-40, and in his letter to the Philippians. Despite the size of the city Paul found no synagogue in Philippi. There must have, been only a small Jewish community since as few as ten Jewish men were expected to build a place of worship. Lacking a synagogue, Paul began his ministry in an outdoor, service by a "riverside" (Acts 16:13). Among his converts were Lydia, a wealthy Jewish merchant lady; a slave girl; and a jailer. Such varied backgrounds provided all the more reason for Paul to stress the unity of believers in Christ. From the beginning Gentiles from a pagan background probably outnumbered Jews in the Philippian church. CONTENTS Many of Paul's letters divide into fairly distinct sections on doctrine and life practice. PhIlippians, however, represents a mixture of doctrine and exhortation. Exhortations to rejoice and to unity are the heart of this epistle, being illustrated and exemplified by the lives of Christ (2:5-11), Timothy (2:19-24), Epaphroditus (2:25-30), and Paul (3:1-17). Philippians 2:5-11 provides an exquisite hymn about Christ's humiliation and exaltation. Philippians is one of Paul's most personal letters. In it he shares his own experience with Christ (3:12-14), his struggle over whether to prefer dying to be with Christ or living to serve the Philippians (1:21-26), and his concern for their spiritual growth and perseverance (1:6,7,25, 26; 2:16-18). The Philippians were in his heart and supported him in his imprisonment (1:7). Paul was concerned, yet confident that God would bring their faith to complete maturity (1:6; 2:15). Thus the tone that emerges from this letter is one of joyous confidence in God at work within the believer to promote unity and maturity within the church. PURPOSE Paul's immediate purpose for writing was to thank the Philippians for a gift that they had sent him (4:14-18). Their messenger, Epaphroditus, had recovered from a serious illness and would carry this letter as he returned to Philippi (2:25-30). Paul used this opportunity to remind his converts of the importance of unity and joy. In both of these attitudes we are to pattern our lives after our Lord: Christians are to have the mind of Christ (2:5), whether in suffering (1:21-30), in fellowship (2:3,4), in gaining maturity (3:12), or in settling disputes (4:2,3). Unity with Christ in His humility is to characterize the believer's life-style. Thus Christians "in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation" will "shine as lights" (2:15). Outline of Philippians 1. Salutation 1:1, 2 2. Prayer for the Philippians 1:3-11 A. Thanksgiving 1:3-8 B. Intercession 1:9-11 3. Joy in the proclamation of Christ 1:12-26 A. Preached through Paul's imprisonment 1:12-14 B. Preached even by the envious 1:15-18 C. Preached through Paul's life or death 1:19-26 4. Instructions on how to live 1:27-2:18 A. Live worthy of the gospel 1:27-2:4 B. Pattern after Christ 2:5-11 C. Live blameless before the world 2:12-18 5. Examples of living worthy of the gospel 2:19-30 A. Timothy's sincere care 2:19-24 B. Epaphroditus's total service 2:25-30 6. Paul's personal commitment 3:1-21 A. Give up all for Christ 3:1-11 B. Press on to the goal 3:12-17 C. Avoid enemies of Christ 3:18-21 7. Conduct worthy of the gospel 4:1-20 A. Pastoral exhortations 4:1-9 B. Thanks for the Philippians' gift 4:10-20 8. Farewell 4:21-23 CHAPTER ONE PAUL'S INTRODUCTION Paul's greetings to the saints at Philippi included Timothy (verses 1-2). He says they are "servants" - a fitting word which brings Paul and Timothy down to the same level as the serving people of the church of God at Philippi. He address this letter to THREE classes -to "saints" - "bishops" (Greek is Episkopos) and is interpreted by "elders" in Acts 20 and Titus 1:5,7 (being also then "overseers" and "shepherds of the flock") - and "deacons" (Greek is Diakonos). This verse alone shows that although all people of God should be and are "servants" - there is still a class function of people within the body of Christ that are divided into THREE functions - saints - elders - deacons. Some would try and blur all three functions into one. Obviously here Paul does not do so, and James 3:1 would also prove that not everyone should be a "teacher" in the Church of God. An "elder" is to be an able teacher of the word as Paul clearly shows in the qualifications of that function in Timothy 3:1-7, then proceeds to give qualifications for the function of "deacon." We also notice again (Paul does it many times at the beginning or ending of his letters) the blessing to them from God the Father and Lord Jesus Christ. If the Holy Spirit is a person as like the Father and Son, then Paul would surely be snubbing his nose at him, bringing no such blessing from the person of the Holy Spirit. Paul is not turning his back on the person of the Holy Spirit, for the Holy Spirit is NOT a separate Spirit Being, but is the very power and nature and mind of both the Father and the Son. CONFIDENCE AND THANKSGIVING This is truly a remarkable people of God at Philippi, when we compare the other letters of Paul to other churches and what he had to write to them about. Paul here gives the saints at Philippi the highest praise and highest score on the spiritual score card. He thinks of them in his prayers with JOY. And that joy of his was from the first day the gospel was given to them unto the time he wrote this letter. He was full of complete confidence that they would continue bringing him joy, and that the Lord who had begun the work in them would continue it until the day of Jesus Christ. The day of Jesus Christ? Did Paul, at this juncture in his life, expect Jesus to return in the life time of those people in Philippi? Yes, probably he did! But we also know, from the letters to those at Thessalonica, he knew certain prophetic events had to happen BEFORE Jesus would return. Then again it is probable that Paul and other apostles thought those events would take place in their life time. Many down through the centuries have felt Jesus would return in their life time. We today living in the first years of the 21st century would like to think Jesus will return our life time. So we keep watching the signs of the times, yet we must remember that 50 years or more with God is but a very tiny fraction of a second, for most of us it is a good portion of our lives. Paul tells them that God knows how he longs after them, how even in his time in prison for the sake of the Gospel, he loves them and always has them in his heart. He prayed that their love would abound and their knowledge with judgmental sense would also. This increase was for them to be able to clearly prove that which was excellent, and that they would continue to be sincere and un-offensive in their living, being filled with the fruits of righteousness, through Jesus Christ. doing this would be to the praise and glory of God (verses 3-11). UNEXPECTED BENEFITS OF IMPRISONMENT Those at Philippi were no doubt perplexed that this great apostle of God would be in prison, and were no doubt worried about the work of the Gospel through Paul was being stopped or at least very much hindered. He tells them that there were many who actually waxed very bold in preaching the Gospel since his imprisonment. It had fired them up so to speak and they were ablaze with enthusiasm. Oh, Paul knew some were fired up now because they were envious of Paul for the work he had done, and some were just simple at odds with Paul, had contentions and strife with him over this or that matter. We are not told what matters brought about the envy and strife, only that some just did not "get along" with Paul. Then he also told them that he knew some were preaching the Gospel with more vigor from a right motive, as they knew Paul was sent in part to be a mighty fortress, a mighty power to defend the truths of the Gospel. Paul was happy and pleased that either way, the Gospel was being preached, Christ was being taught (verses 12-18). Those who were preaching Christ, either as Paul's envious competitors or those sincerely with him, were preaching the truths about Jesus and the Gospel. If Paul had thought the envious group were "false teachers" while the others were "true and correct teachers," he would surely have said so. Knowing he pulled no punches concerning those who preached a false Gospel and false Christ, he surely would have made that clear to the brethren at Philippi. It was not the case in his mind - one group of teachers of Christ did their teaching correctly but from a wrong attitude towards Paul himself. They thought it was their golden opportunity to take the "lime light" - now that Paul was out of the way in prison. Their teaching was correct, but their motive to now teach more powerfully was from a wrong attitude towards him. The others were also teaching Jesus correctly, but had a right motive towards Paul. Either way, the bottom line for Paul was that he was happy that Jesus Christ was being preached. TO LIVE IS CHRIST - TO DIE IS CHRIST Here we come to the section of New Testament Scripture that is often used by those who believe in the immortal soul doctrine, to say that upon death if we have been a "good" Christian we shall go to heaven and be with the Lord (verses 19-23). You will notice though, the word "heaven" is not found in this passage. If we are willing to read the Bible from the beginning we will have already clearly seen that there are Old Testament passages that plainly tell us WHAT dead is. The book of Psalms and the book of Ecclesiastes make quite vivid that death is a "sleep" - no thoughts continuing in death, no talking to others in death, no working of any kind. The Gospel of John and chapter 11 shows dead is a sleep, from which who have to be raised back to life at the time of the RESURRECTION of the dead. This is not the time to fully expound the falseness of the "immortal soul" doctrine. I have covered other points of the truth of what death is in previous sections and chapters of this New Testament Bible story. It is enough to say here that because death is a sleep with no memory of time taking place, then those who come up in the resurrection to life, in the last days, will have no realization of the time gone since they fell asleep in death. To them the moment they closed their eyes in death is the next second of life again, when they will be with the Lord. For the Lord will come in glory and the resurrection of the saints will take place (as we have already seen in other sections of this story), when those asleep in death will rise up to life, those still living in the flesh will be CHANGED to immortal life, from mortality to immortality, from human flesh to divine spirit, to live in the realm and dimension of God and Christ (1 Cor.15; 1 Thes. 4; 1 John 3:1-3), who are living in the spirit dimension, unless they choose to reveal themselves as physical flesh humans, like Jesus often did to His disciples after His resurrection, before He ascended to heaven to sit at the right hand of the Father. Paul would have liked in some ways to depart this physical world (with all the many physical trials, pain, lashings, hunger, stonings etc. he went through, who can blame him for wanting to say goodbye to this life) and to have been with the Lord, at the coming of the Lord and the resurrection to immortal life for him and all the saints. Yet, Paul knew that for the present he needed to stay alive in the flesh, for the benefit of and furtherance of their joy and maturity in the faith. It was needful for them to be able to rejoice in Paul once more coming to them and being with them again for whatever time God was willing (verses 24-26). EXHORTATIONS TO STAND FIRM The main thing he wanted was for them to remain steadfast in the faith, whether he came to them or was absent from them. He wanted them to continue in the one spirit and one mind, striving together for THE faith of the Gospel. He told them not to be terrified in any way concerning their adversaries, and that it was sometimes a part of being a Christian to suffer persecution, for the name of Christ. He was their example - suffering physical persecutions. They had seen it in Paul (probably some physical flesh scares from being lashed and stoned at times) and now they were hearing about him being again in prison and suffering same physical trails. He was a good example for them to suffer persecution with confidence against their adversaries, if it was the Lord's will that such a trail should come upon them. He wanted their conduct of life to reflect the Gospel of Christ under all and every circumstance (verses 27-30). CHAPTER TWO THE MIND OF CHRIST It was Paul's great desire to hear they were full of love, kindness, and humility - that they would do nothing through strife or vainglory; but that they would always be in an attitude of lowliness of mind, each esteeming the other better than themselves. He wanted them to be concerned mainly about the welfare of others and not themselves. "Let THIS MIND be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus" was his emphasis (verse 1-5) Paul then brings out the great LOVE and HUMILITY that Jesus showed. He tells us that He was in the form of God, He was then a part of the Godhead. He was then (as the first chapter of the Gospel of John shows) GOD, but not God the Father. He and God the Father have existed from eternity. So Jesus was WITH God and was God, as John in his first chapter of his Gospel brings out. There were TWO eternal BEINGS from the beginning, BOTH were GOD, one became He who we call God the Father, and the other became the one we know as Jesus the Christ. This one in the form of God did not think being a part of the Godhead was something to be clung to and grasped at NO MATTER WHAT. He was willing to humble Himself, become of no reputation, a servant, and all of that was manifested in Him becoming a physical human being. As a physical man He was willing to go the whole nine yards, willing to humble Himself even unto death - the death of the cross. We have seen in the Gospels what kind of a death all that was - truly a horrible suffering did our Lord Jesus go through to pay for the sins of the world, the sins of you and me. Because the one we call Jesus Christ did all this, the Father EXALTED Him - HIGHLY EXALTED Him above ALL, and gave Him a name ABOVE ALL names. that name can only be the name "God." The Father has said that EVERY KNEE WILL BOW before Him - all that is in the heavens and the earth, and under the earth (a phrase that simply means NOTHING is greater than Him and will have to admit that one day). All are going to have to admit one day that Jesus is indeed the LORD, to the glory of the Father. All may not be saved, some may still reject salvation, but at least they will see that Jesus is Lord, and will have to admit this, to the glory of the Father (verses 6-11). Jesus is LORD, He is God, He lives in the realm and dimension of God, above ALL other created beings, in the spirit realm or the physical earthly realm. He is part of the Godhead, a member of the God family. In this present time there are only TWO members of the Godhead, the Father and the Son. The first verses of 1 Corinthians chapter 11 shows God the Father to be head of Christ. Jesus himself said in the Gospels that the Father was greater than He, that the one sent (and Jesus was sent by the Father) was not greater than the one who sent him. The Kingdom is, after Jesus has subdued everything under His feet, going to hand it over to the Father (1 Cor.15:24). SO CONTINUE IN OBEDIENCE The Christians at Philippi had obeyed the truths of the Gospel, both when Paul was with them, and when he was not. It was his wish that they continued in this fine example of faithfulness. He tells them to do this because it was really God working in them, to do His good pleasure. They were to continue in this conduct of life with a respectful fear and a carefulness, for they were dealing with the very God of this universe. It was not some physical human they were working with BUT the very Almighty creator God of all there was, in heaven or on earth. The Philippi saints were to do all things in a positive frame of mind, without grumbling, complaining, and disputings or strife and arguments. Paul wanted them to be blameless and harmless sons of God, who needed not to be rebuked or corrected, as they lived among a crooked and perverse society, where they were to shine as lights of goodness, as they held the word of life and truth. Then if they did all this, Paul would be confident he had not run in vain to bring them the Gospel and to teach them the mysteries of God. If he was to be offered in sacrifice with his life, in more persecution and even death, he would be joyous in knowing they would remain faithful to their calling and the work of salvation God had begun in them. They also could rejoice with him, knowing the blessedness of all this work the Lord had done and was doing in THEM and in Paul (verses 12-18). We need to look beyond the present physical of what may be taking place in our lives, sometimes this physical life brings heartache, sorrow, pain, and certain physical things that are not always the most pleasant to have happening to us. I doubt if anyone desires to be flogged, whipped, stoned, beaten, or put in prison for teaching Jesus as the Christ and Messiah, but such it was for some in the first century of the Christian age, and so it is for some even today, in certain parts of the world. The joy comes from knowing that all who have begun on this pathway of true salvation in Christ, can see people remaining faithful to that calling, even under severe physical trials. TIMOTHY AND EPAPHRODITUS Paul was going to be comforted by sending Timothy to them, who in return would relate to him the good steadfast spiritual state of the saints at Philippi. He tells them of the wonderful blessing Timothy was to him, a man who looked to Jesus in all things, when many had departed form that mindset, and were seeking their own things and not the things of Christ. So Paul would send Timothy to them, after seeing how things would go for him, but he really hoped he himself would shortly be able to come to them (verses 19-24). Then there was the man called Epaphroditus. He had been sent to Paul by the church at Philippi, to serve and help Paul in whatever way he could. Paul called him a companion in labor, a fellow-soldier. Epaphroditus had been sick while with Paul, a sickness that nearly took his life. He cared so much for the brethren at Philippi because they had heard he was sick and were sincerely concerned for his welfare. Love will usually be returned in like manner, if people are truly having this mind in them that was in Christ Jesus. Paul said that God had had mercy upon Epaphroditus and had restored his health, had saved him from dying, and so had also given Paul a renewed spirit, for he states he would have had sorrow upon sorrow if Epaphroditus had died. Not being able to come yet to those at Philippi because of being in prison and having a good fellow like Epaphroditus come from them to bring love and comfort to him, then seeing this man die from a sickness, would indeed have been sorrow upon sorrow. Paul had sent Epaphroditus back to them with carefulness, so they would rejoice when he arrived, and told them to appreciate and hold in high esteem such a man, for in doing the work of God as he had done, he just about lost his life. He had brought their service and love to him, as they were not all able to come where Paul was, and he did this with no questions. He would be willing to give up his life to bring their service to him, and he nearly did, he was close to death, but God had mercy on him. Such a man Paul said should be held by all in high esteem (verses 25-30). CHAPTER THREE BEWARE OF THE FLESH CUTTERS Paul felt it necessary to warn then of those who he had to warn the Galatians about, the false teachers of the "flesh cutting" doctrine (those who taught it was mandatory to be physically circumcised to be saved). Those in Christ worshipped God in "spirit" and had no need to look to any confidence to cutting the physical flesh. Then talking about certain physical things that some could boast about or have pride in, Paul related his credentials. Circumcised the 8th day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews, and as concerning the "law" - he had been a Pharisee - one of those who really thought they were great law-observers. He had super zeal in persecuting the Church of God. And viewed from the physical aspects of law keeping, he could be found blameless. We see this expounded upon by Paul in Galatians 1:13-14. Those in the "Jews religion" would not be able to find anyone more fervent and zealous for the traditions of the Jewish fathers than what Paul had been. Yet, with all this up-bringing and background in the Pharisee Jewish traditions of the fathers, Paul counted it all but DUNG! He was quite willing to have it all be as dung to WIN Christ Jesus in his life. He wanted the righteousness which was through faith in Jesus, the righteousness which is of God by faith. He wanted to KNOW HIM and the POWER of His RESURRECTION, being made like unto His death, so he may attain unto the resurrection of the dead (verses 1-11). All this means that if you do NOT have Christ as your Savior, have faith in Him, have the righteousness which is only of God through faith in Jesus, have your sins covered by the blood of Christ, have both the Father and Jesus living in you via the Holy Spirit, then you and all your past physical religion and social up-bringing (even to the highest pedigree of your nation) means NOTHING, it is just DUNG in comparison to having the true salvation from God through Christ Jesus. And having the power of Jesus' resurrection in you would mean you also would attain to the resurrection of the dead. PAUL PRESSES FORWARD Paul did not think it was all over, all done with, all in the past. No, he knew being a Christian was a way of life, to live, to the very end of this physical life on earth. He did not believe he had already got to the end and it was already finished and over with. He looked at the past, before having Christ, and FORGOT IT! He was now reaching FORWARD, going forward. He was pressing ever TOWARDS the mark of the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. He tells us that if we be mature, we need to be thus minded, if we are not, then God can and will reveal even this to us. God will reveal to us through reading His word that our salvation goes from the start to the finish. It is not over with until we breath our last breath. We must always be reaching towards being more like Jesus Christ, in conduct, thoughts, words, attitude of mind (letting this mind of Christ be in us constantly). Paul finishes this thought with adding that whatever spiritual level we have so far attained, we should walk in it (verses 12-16). WARNING AGAINST WORLDLINESS It was a sad warning I'm sure that Paul needed to remind the Philippi brethren that some people they needed to note, had LEFT the true pathway, and had even become the ENEMIES of the CROSS of Christ. How can this be? Well, when someone teaches you that after repenting of sins and accepting Jesus as personal Savior, you can live any way you like, that you do not have to obey the Ten Commandments, that you do not have to do as Jesus said, and live by every word of God (Mat.4:4), that everything just becomes a fuzzy nothing in Christ, then they have become the enemies of the cross of Jesus. Christ did not die for your sins so you can live any way that you decide. We covered the truth of all this in some detail as we went through the book of Romans, and especially chapter 6. Paul says we are citizens of heaven, and so our minds should be as heaven is, once more having the mind of Christ in us is the thought. Jesus will come from heaven and change our vile body like as unto His glorious body, through the power whereby He is able to rule and subdue all things unto Himself (verses 17-21). CHAPTER FOUR APPEAL FOR HARMONY, JOY, PEACE Paul appeals to the Philippi saints to hold fast in the Lord. Certain ones he wanted to be of the same mind, they probably had too many on the surface differences that should have been on the back-burner. He wanted them to help those ladies that worked with him in spreading the Gospel, as well as other fellow-laborers, such as Clement. All such he said, had their names written in the book of life. They were to let their moderation in all things, self-control, be evident to all. They were to pray and ask God, not worry about things, but make their requests known to God. Then they would have the peace of mind that comes through Jesus Christ (verses 1-7) The basic attitude of mind they were to have is summed up in verse 8. "Finally brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of a good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things." The things that they had both learned, and received, and heard, and seen in Paul, they were to do. He was their example to follow in Christ Jesus. As Paul said to the Corinthians, "Be you followers of me EVEN AS I also am of Christ" (1 Cor.11:1). HIS JOY FOR THEIR LIBERALITY Paul rejoiced in the generosity that the Philippi Christians had shown towards him, though at times they had lacked the opportunity to express it. Yet, he had already learned that in whatever physical state he found himself he was able to be content. He had experienced the ups and downs of physical life, being full, being empty, having, and not having. But in whatever state Paul knew that through Jesus Christ he could encounter all situations and have strength to endure through it all (verse 10-13). He thanks them that they did communicate with him (they had sent Epaphroditus remember) in his afflictions. He reminds them that in the beginning of the Gospel start for him and his work, when he departed from Macedonian, it was only they, no other church, that helped him with physical matters. And that even when he was in Thessalonica they sent time and again to him, for his physical needs. Once more he tells them the wonderful blessing they have given him by sending Epaphroditus and some necessary needs for his comfort while in prison. What they sent to him was like a sweet smelling odour, a sacrifice well accepted by God. Paul's last words in this letter are: "But my God shall supply all your needs according to His riches in glory by Christ Jesus. Now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever, Amen. Salute every saint in christ Jesus. The brethren which are with me greet you. All the saints salute you, chiefly they that are of Caesar's household. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen" (verses 14-23). What a wonderful, uplifting, encouraging, positive, and love filled letter is this that the apostle Paul wrote to the Christian saints at Philippi. What a great example are those saints that lived at Philippi in the days of the apostle Paul. It will do well for all Church of God congregations to follow the superb example set for us by the Christian people at Philippi in the first century A.D. Truly a fine example of real Christianity. I look forward to meeting those Christians of Philippi in the resurrection day at the coming of our Lord. ........................... Written October 2005 |
No comments:
Post a Comment